purcomm

• Communication is the process or act of transmitting a message from a sender to a receiver through a channel
• There are different perspectives of communication:

  • Linear Perspective: transmitting a message from sender to receiver
  • Interactive Perspective: exchanging thoughts, messages, or information
  • Etymological Perspective: communication is derived from the Latin word "COMMUNIS," meaning common
  • Symbolic Perspective: using symbols to represent things, ideas, or events
  • Pragmatic Perspective: sign-mediated interaction following combinatorial, context-specific, and content coherent rules
• Elements of Communication:

  • Sender: origin of the message encoding feelings, ideas, thoughts, and emotions
  • Receiver: hears or listens to the message
  • Message: verbal and non-verbal substance of communication
  • Channel: medium through which encoded messages are sent
  • Noise: blocks or interferes with the communication process
• Verbal Communication:

  • Exchange of information, ideas, and opinions through sounds and words
  • Types include public, interpersonal, and small group communication
  • Non-verbal Communication:
  • Includes non-word messages like body language, gestures, facial expressions, and more
• Functions of Communication:

  • Purpose: explaining why a conversation is initiated
  • Understanding: the core of communication
  • Reaction: normal response to what is seen, heard, felt, or thought
  • Participation: showing judgments and critical thoughts on various issues
  • Opinions: verbalizing thinking or opinions
  • Sympathy: showing care and support
  • Education: learning through communication
• Types of Communication:

  • Mode: verbal (using words) and non-verbal (not using words)
  • Context: intrapersonal, interpersonal, extended/expanded, organizational
  • Purpose: formal (written and unwritten), informal (written and verbal)
• Theories of Communication:

  • Symbolic Interaction Theory: focuses on self and its relationship to society
  • Uncertainty Reduction Theory: interpersonal communication reduces uncertainties
  • Organizational Culture Theory: culture's role in organizations
  • Uses and Gratification Theory: examines consumers' need for gratification from media use
  • Cultural Studies: explores the power of culture in human behavior
  • Face Negotiation Theory: importance of self-identity in interactions
• Models of Communication:

  • Aristotle's Model: linear with sender, messenger, and receiver
  • Laswell's Model: communicator, message, channel, receiver, effect
  • Shannon-Weaver Model: sender, encoder, channel, noise/feedback, decoder, receiver
  • Berlo's Model: source, message, channel, receiver
  • Osgood and Schramm's Model: continuous and successful
  • Barnlund's Transactional Model: emphasizes barriers in communication
• Ethics in Communication:

  • Mutuality: common understanding
  • Individual Dignity: supporting individuals to communicate their needs
  • Accuracy: providing correct information
  • Accountability: being responsible for actions or words
  • Audience or Listeners: considering the recipients of communication
  • Use of Power: using power positively or negatively
  • Rights vs Responsibility: balancing the right to communicate with responsibility
  • Building an Information Network: establishing credibility and trustworthiness
  • Engaging and Participating: actively involving in discussions
• • Speaking with a Heart: emphasizing relationships in communication
  • Respecting and Understanding Each Other: showing respect and understanding before judging
• Globalization:

  • Impacts of technology, economy, culture, connection, politics, and interconnection
  • Cultural Imperialism: imposition of a dominant culture on others
  • Electronic Colonialism: adaptation of less powerful societies to imported technologies
  • Lingua Franca: common language for communication
• The World of Englishers:

  • Expanding Circle: countries where English is a foreign language
  • Outer Circle: English as a second language with variations in accents, grammar, etc.
  • Inner Circle: English as a first language
• Different Types of Culture:

  • Monochronic Style: focusing on one thing at a time
  • Polychronic Style: multitasking and strong relationships
  • Collectivist: community-oriented
  • Individualistic: emphasizing personal rights and responsibilities
  • High Context: indirect communication
  • Low Context: direct communication
• Intercultural Communication:

  • Requires understanding dominant cultural values
  • Ethnocentrism: judging other cultures as inferior
  • Cultural Taboos: improper actions based on culture
  • Personal Space: varies across cultures
  • Cultural Sensitivity: acknowledging cultural differences without labeling them
• Context + Vocabulary = Language Register:

  • Register: language variety based on social setting
  • Jargons: specialized words used by specific groups
  • Intimate, Casual, Consultative, and Frozen or Static language styles
• Haptics: the use of touch in communication

  • High-contact: common in warmer countries
  • Low-contact: common in colder countries