Eukaryotic cells-Animal cells

Created by

Merill John

Cards (18)

A eukaryote is any organism consisting of one or more cells that contain DNA in a membrane-bound nucleus, separate from the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotes include:
-animals
-plants
-fungi
-a diverse group known as the protists (or protoctists).
All eukaryotic cells contain a large number of specialized, membrane-bound organelles.
Cell Membrane/Plasma membrane
Function:
Controls what enters/exits the cell
Cell Membrane/Plasma membrane
Features:
found around outside of ALL cells
Selectively permeable: only allows certain substances in and out of cell.
Made of proteins and lipids
made of a phospholipid bilayer
Swap a phosphate for one fatty acid in a triglyceride
Hydrophilic phosphate faces the water
Hydrophobic tails gather together away from water
cytoplasm
Functions:
Allows chemical reactions such as anaerobic respiration
supports organelle
nucleus
Functions:

Site of DNA replication-DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division

Stores heriditary information

Controls which proteins are produced and when they are produced.
Nucleus
Features:
1.Nucleolus
makes ribosomes
Found inside the nucleus

2. Nuclear membrane
Separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell.
The nucleus is surrounded by a pair of membranes called nuclear envelop.
3. Nuclear pore
allow and control exchange of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
ribosomes
Function:
make proteins for the cell to use
Features:
Some floating free in the cytoplasm
They consist of 2 subunits – one large and 1 small.
They are made of protein and ribosomal RNA.
Some attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
There are two basic types of ribosomes- 70s and 80s.
70s – found in prokaryotes
80s – found in eukaryotes.
rough er
Function:
Specialises in making proteins and transporting them
Features:
Attached to nuclear membrane.
Does have ribosomes attached
rough er
Features:
This is an extensive system of membranes running through the cytoplasm of both plant and animal cells.
The ER forms a network of flattened sacs extending through the cytoplasm called cisternae.
rough er
Features:
The ribosomes attached to the rough ER synthesise proteins, which enters the cisternal space/lumen.
From here they are transported to other areas in the cell e.g. the Golgi body.
smooth er
Function:
transport and communication
Synthesis of fats & carbohydrates
Features:
No ribosomes attached
Composed of a network of membrane bound sacs called cisternae. No ribosomes attached
Golgi Apparatus
Function:
The Golgi body receives proteins from the ER and chemically modifies and package them into vesicles to be transported where they are needed
make lysosomes.
Features:
Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae and small membrane enclosed vesicles.
Golgi Apparatus
Features:
Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae and small membrane enclosed vesicles.
Golgi complex is found in both plant and animal cells.
The Golgi body is not a stable structure; it is constantly changing
Vesicles
Function:
Carry finished products to interior or exterior of cell.
Transport vesicles are used to transport materials inside the cell.
Secretory vesicles transport proteins that are to be released from the cell surface membrane.
Feature:
Spherical Membranes bound sacs formed from Golgi or Cell Membrane.
Lysosome
Function:
Breakdown worn out organelles & foreign particles
Destroy bacteria
Remove toxic wastes
Features:
These are simple spherical sacs, surrounded by a single membrane and having no internal structure.

Contain digestive(hydrolytic) enzymes
Mitochondria
Functions:
The mitochondrion is an energy-generating organelle. It is the site of Aerobic respiration
ATP production
Features:
It is surrounded by two membranes.
The inner layer folds inwards to form the cristae.
The cristae project into a liquid called the matrix.
The inner membrane is coated in enzymes, which catalyze the reactions of aerobic respiration to produce ATP.
They have their own DNA and ribosomes
Centrioles
Functions:
They produce the protein microtubules that make up the spindle apparatus which is responsible for the movement of the chromosomes during cell division.
Features:
They are Small hollow tubes of protein fibres
Animal cells only