HISTORY OF NURSING (FUNDA)

• Intuitive Period - Pre-historic time up to early Christian era
• Intuition: immediate knowing or learning of something without conscious use of reasoning
• Nursing in this era was untaught and instinctive, performed out of compassion and desire to help
• Beliefs and practices of the Prehistoric Man:

  • Illness attributed to various causes including sorcery, magic, breaking taboos, intrusion of disease objects, bodily invasion by spirits, loss of the soul, and dreams
  • Primitive measures to treat illness included amulets, talismans, and shaman or witch doctors using herbs as remedies
• Treatments during primitive time:

  • Depriving the sick person of rest and quiet environment
  • Driving out spirits with obnoxious odors, making the patient drink bile-tasting concoctions, and using objects with magical powers
  • Trephination as a last resort to free the entrapped spirit
  • Soul searching ceremony to entice the lost soul back into the patient's body
  • Herbal medicines using different herbs from plants or trees
• Contributions of other countries in the field of Medicine and Nursing:

  • Babylonia: Code of Hammurabi included sanitation, public health, practice of surgery, and differentiation between human and veterinary medicine
  • Egypt: Goddess Isis and son Herus regarded as creators of medical arts, practiced embalming, and had medical records like Papyrus Ebers
  • China: Acupuncture, Materia Medica, eating seaweeds and liver for specific conditions, and inoculation using smallpox scabs
• • India: Vedas as a source of medicine practice, Charaka Samhita for team concept, and duties of the nurse including drug administration and purity of mind and body
  • Greece: Aesculapius as the God of Medicine, Caduceus as the medical profession's insignia, and Hippocrates as the Father of Medicine
• Rome:

  • Greek physicians became war prisoners
  • Translation of Greek terminologies into Latin terms used in Medicine
  • Emperor Verpasian opened a school to teach medicine using Greek
  • Fabiola established the first general hospital in 476 AD
• Knights:

  • Knights of St. John Jerusalem were warriors in battle and nurses in hospitals
  • Knights of St. Lazarus had hospitals for nursing lepers
  • Teutonic Knights converted tents into Emergency Hospitals
  • Knights of Templers pledged to protect pilgrims and care for wounded Christians
  • Alexian Brothers opened a school of nursing for men in Chicago
• Regular Orders or Religious Nursing Orders:

  • Deaconesses were the earliest order of women in the church concerned with caring for the poor and sick in their homes
  • Qualifications for Deaconesses included rotating experience in various tasks and a preliminary probationary period
• Augustinian Sisters:

  • Sister who took charge of the Hotel Dieu in Paris, earliest hospital founded in 650 A.D.
• Poor Clares:

  • Women who took vows of poverty, obedience and chastity
• Beguines:

  • Household aids, and nursing of the sick
• Oblates:

  • Staffed the hospitals of Nightingale after their training
• Ursuline Sisters:

  • Care of the sick and education of girls
• Order of the Holy Ghost:

  • Male nursing orders but later branching out into both women
• Benedictines:

  • Group of nurses who run a convent
• St. Radegunde:

  • Daughter of a king, left the palace to build a monastery and served patients
• St. Matilda:

  • "Mold the Good Queen", built hospitals for lepers in England
• St. Elizabeth of Hungary:

  • "Patroness of Nurses"; daughter of Hungarian King
  • Devoted her time and strength to the needs of the sick and poor
  • Used all her wealth to make the lives of the poor happy and useful
  • Built hospital and devoted her service to the lepers
  • Bathed and cleansed the prisoner's wounds
  • Fed the sick with her own hands, attended them personally
  • Orphaned children were provided for at her expense
• St. Catherine of Siena:

  • "First Lady with the Lamp", signifies evening rounds
• St. Agnes of Bohemia:

  • Daughter of a royal father who left the palace and gave nursing care to the lepers and the sick
• St. Hildegarde:

  • Wrote 2 books on medicine and natural history focused on causes, symptoms, and treatment
• St. Bridget of Sweden:

  • Introduced psychosomatic medicine - interrelationship between mental and emotional reaction
• St. Frances of Rome:

  • Begged for food during plague and starvation
• Dorothea Lynde Dix:

  • Appointed as Superintendent of Female Nurses for US government
• Mary Ann Bickerdyke:

  • Widow, helped in nursing wounded soldiers, a herb doctor, hospital supervisor known as MOTHER OF CALICO
• Clara Barton:

  • Founder of American Red Cross (1882)
  • School teacher
  • Ratified the Treaty of Geneva to perform humanitarian efforts in time of peace
• Louisa May Alcott:

  • Author and nurse who volunteered to give care to injured soldiers in military hospitals
• Florence Nightingale:

  • "Lady with a Lamp", superintendent of female nursing establishment, "Angel of Crimea"
  • Florence Nightingale System of Nursing:
  • Self-supporting school
  • Decent living quarters for students
  • Instructors paid both by the hospital and the school
  • Correlate theories into practice
  • Focus on the why's and how's of nursing
• Mrs. Lystra Gretter:

  • Chairman of a committee to form the Nightingale pledge in 1893 patterned after the Hippocratic Oath
  • Nightingale pledge
• Nursing Then:

  • Service-oriented curriculum
  • 1:6 ratio
  • No textbook
  • No examination
  • No licensing exam
  • House dresses uniforms
  • Dust cap to tuck all the hair under the cap
  • 1875: no tuition fees; hospitals pay $10/month
  • Concentration on MCN
  • Female nurses for female patients
  • Grading System: quietness, grooming, punctuality, ward management, technical skills
  • Duties: cook, serve meal, wash/iron soiled clothes, carry out orders
• Nursing Now:

  • BSN 5 years, 4 years, 4 years in summer conceptual approach
  • Different books
  • Quizzes and long exams
  • Licensure exam
  • Required uniforms
  • Tuition and affiliation fees
  • Various fields of nursing
  • Render services to all sexes
  • Grading: clinical competence, academic, personality traits, requirements
  • Comprehensive nursing care for the sick and well
• Filipino Red Cross:

  • Location of national headquarters in Malolos, Bulacan
  • Functions: Collection of war funds and materials through charity and contributions, Nursing care of wounded Filipino soldiers
• Hospitals and Schools of Nursing:

  • Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (1906)
  • First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines
  • UST College of Nursing (1946)
  • UP College of Nursing (1949)
  • Manila Central University College of Nursing (1947)
• Early Beliefs and Practices:

  • Diseases and their causes and treatment were shrouded with mysticism and superstitions
• Health Care During the Spanish Regime:

  • Religious orders exerted efforts to care for the sick by building hospitals in the different parts of the Philippines
• Hospital Real de Manila (1577):

  • Established mainly to care for the Spanish king's soldiers, and also admitted Spanish civilians. Founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande
• San Lazaro Hospital (1578):

  • Founded by Brother Juan Clemente and was administered for many years by the Hospitaliers of San Juan de Dios; built exclusively for patients with leprosy
• Hospital de Indio (1586):

  • Established by the Franciscan Order, service was in general supported by alms and contributions from charitable persons