Chapter 13, quarter 4

• Digestion is the process of converting food into forms that can be used by cells
• There are two types of digestion: mechanical and chemical
• Mechanical digestion involves physically breaking down food into smaller pieces by biting, chewing, and churning
• The oral cavity or mouth serves as the entrance to the digestive system
• Excretion is the removal of waste from the body
• Nutrients are the end product of digestion
• Lungs distribute oxygen to all cells of the body through the circulatory system
• Coenzyme is an organic molecule required for an enzyme to function properly
• Minerals such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and iron are inorganic substances essential for cell growth and functioning
• Lipids serve as energy reserves in the body
• Water is vital for physiological and chemical processes that release energy in cells
• Two ways to care for the digestive system are to avoid overeating and drink plenty of water
• Exercise is important for the heart and helps improve sleep
• Endoscopy is a procedure that uses cameras to observe and examine the upper digestive tract
• Accessory organs aid in the chemical digestion of food by secreting enzymes and digestive juices
• BILE - The fluid that helps emulsify fat
• DUODENUM - The first segment of the small intestine
• SMALL INTESTINE - The longest organ in the digestive tract
• PHARYNX - The common passageway for food and air
• LIPASE - The enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats
• SPHINCTER - The valve that prevents the backflow of food
• RUGAE - Folds that increase the surface area of the stomach
• STOMACH - The organ that temporarily stores food
• APPENDIX - The small sac attached to the large intestine on the lower right side of the abdomen
• LARGE INTESTINE - The organ responsible for the final absorption of water and salts
• Food passes from the pharynx to the stomach through the esophagus
• Mechanical digestion occurs when the teeth grind and cut food into smaller pieces and mix it with saliva
• Vitamin B2 is necessary for blood clotting
• The esophagus does not produce digestive juices
• Heartburn is the painful sensation in the lower esophagus or upper stomach caused by excess stomach acid
• Peristalsis is the regular muscular contraction that moves food through the digestive tract
• Absorption must happen during digestion because it helps release digestive juices and enzymes
• The enzyme in the stomach that helps digest proteins is Pepsin
• The tongue helps move food that is ready to be swallowed to the back of the mouth
• Excretion is an important process because it removes unwanted materials from the digestive system
• Digestion refers to the breaking down of food into smaller substances that can be absorbed by the body
• Teeth are responsible for the mastication of food inside the mouth
• The gallbladder is where bile is temporarily stored
• The large intestine is 2 meters long
• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins