nervous system and organism response

• Stimuli detection and response generation

  One of the body’s control systems

  Nervous system
• Central nervous system consists of

  Brain and spinal cord
• responsible for transmitting and processing information through electrical and chemical signals.

  neurons
• Glial cells are also referred to as the


  neuroglia
• cell body is also known as 


  soma
• it carries genetic information (nucleus). It also maintains neuron structure.

  Cell body
• a supporting cell that provide physical support and guides the nervous tissue growth


  Glial cells
• A short branch of extensions that transmit information toward the cell body

  Dendrites
• Peripheral nervous system consists of


  Body nerves
• are also called the nerve fiber

  Axon
• a single long extension that is finely branched at its tip.

  Axon
• it carries electrical impulses away from the cell body towards other neurons, muscles, or glands.

  Axon
• Axons may be covered by a fatty substance that helps insulate and speed up the transmission of electrical impulses.


  Myelin sheath
• The gaps formed between the myelin sheath where the axon is uncovered

  Nodes of Ranvier
• It allows the generation of a fast electrical impulse along the axon.

  Nodes of Ranvier
• Are cells that transmit information from sensory receptors (such as those in the skin, eyes, ears, nose, and tongue) to the CNS

  Sensory neurons
• Transmit impulses within control centers which includes the brain and spinal cord. Interneurons serve as connectors and integrators of information between sensory neurons, motor neurons, and other interneurons within the CNS.


  Inter neuron
• a type of nerve cell that transmit signals from the central nervous system (CNS), specifically the brain and spinal cord, to muscles and glands throughout the body.

  Motor neuron
• Afferent neurons are also known as

  sensory neurons
• A division responsible for transmitting sensory information from receptors in the body to the central nervous system (CNS)

  Afferent division
• sensory signals that originate from internal organs

  Visceral stimuli
• various signals or input that our sensory organs detect and transmit to the brain for processing.

  Sensory stimuli
• Afferent division consists of


  Visceral stimuli and sensory stimuli
• This division is involved in carrying out motor commands and controlling various physiological processes. From CNS to the muscles

  Efferent division
• These neurons innervate skeletal muscles and are responsible for controlling voluntary movements, such as walking, reaching, and speaking. It is conscious or voluntary commands from the brain.

  Somatic nervous system
• a division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that controls involuntary bodily functions, including heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupil dilation, and glandular secretion.

  Autonomic Nervous system
• Autonomic NS consists of


  Sympathetic Nervous System

  Parasympathetic Nervous system

  Enteric Nervous System
• referred to as the "fight or flight" system. It prepares the body for stressful or threatening situations.

  Sympathetic Nervous system
• These responses help the body respond rapidly to perceived danger, mobilizing energy and resources for action.

  Sympathetic Nervous system
• Often referred to as the "rest and digest" system. It promotes relaxation, conserves energy, and facilitates digestion and recovery

  Parasympathetic nervous system
• It slows heart rate, constricts airways, stimulates digestion and nutrient absorption, and promotes restorative functions such as sleep and tissue repair.


  Parasympathetic Nervous System
• Dysfunction or imbalance in the autonomic nervous system can lead to various health problems like


  cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory disorders, and metabolic disorders.
• Often referred to as the "second brain,"

  Enteric Nervous system
• functions independently of the central nervous system (CNS) but communicates bidirectionally with it through neural and hormonal pathways.

  Enteric NS
• a complex network of neurons located within the walls of the gastrointestinal tract, extending from the esophagus to the anus.

  Enteric NS
• The enteric nervous system has been called the “little brain” because it contains more than 100 million neurons that are capable of independent action.
• a biological mechanism that enables plant to move toward (positive tropism) or against (negative tropism) the source of a stimulus


  Tropism
• Organisms are called 


  Taxis
• the movement of a cell or organism in a particular direction in response to an external stimulus.

  Taxis