UCSP 2

• Society is a group of people interacting with each other and having a common culture, sharing common geographical or territorial domain, and having relatively common aspirations
• Society consists of groups of people who share some likeness such as being rational, free, and bodily
• People in society share similar needs such as food, shelter, clothing, and love
• Society showcases the diversity and differences of the people
• Interdependence of humans: No one could live alone; Society is dynamic and changes through time
• Culture refers to all that man has made for himself through time, whether material or non-material, to provide benefits for his society
• Culture is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society" (Edward B. Tylor)
• Culture is learned, transmitted, adaptive, gratifying, and symbolic
• Culture is transmitted through imitation, instruction, and example from succeeding generations
• Culture adjusts in the environment as a way to respond to situations for cultural survivability
• Culture provides satisfactions for biological and socio-cultural needs such as food, shelter, clothing, and medicine
• Culture is used for communicative purposes, such as language for exchanging thoughts with others
• Material culture includes tangible and concrete objects produced by man in the process of social development
• Non-material culture includes beliefs, practices, values, norms, and customs that shape individuals
• Elements of non-material culture include beliefs, values, norms, folkways, ideas, and knowledge
• Pre-Industrial Societies:

  <|>Hunting and Gathering Societies:

  • Collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals as the main basis of food production
• Pastoral Societies:

  • Food production through pastoralism, more efficient than the subsistence method
• Horticultural Societies:

  • Learned how to raise fruits and vegetables grown in garden plots as the main source of food
• Agrarian Societies:

  • Applied agricultural technological advances to cultivate crops over a large area
• Feudal Societies:

  • Based on ownership of land, with wealthy, nobles, bourgeoisie, vassals/tenants to landlords, and military service
• Industrial Societies:

  <|>Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism in the 15th and 16th centuries
• Post-industrial societies- Businesses, markets, income/profit, production, and lower prices are key aspects
• Post-Industrial Societies:

  <|>Advanced industrial societies shifting towards an increase in service sectors over manufacturing and production
• Modern Society- Transition from goods to services, innovations, inventions, and technological advances
• Modern Societies:

  <|>Mass production of products, products sold in the market in large quantities
• Modern societies- Purchasing power of the consumer, inability to produce own needs, market dependent