Liverpool

• Location - north west of uk in continent of europe. liverpools latitude is 54•N and longitude is 3•W. liverpool is on the coast to the west of the irish sea. It is located on the river Mersy and To east of liverpool is manchester and south is wales
• Importance nationally

  • industries generate £3.2 billion for the uks economy
  • liverpool and everton football clubs
  • second biggest city in NW
  • key global music venues (eg echo arena)
  • the ports helped growth of british empire
• Importance internationally

  • liverpool is a ’UNESCO world heritage site’ which protects liverpools docks
  • european capital of culture in 2008
  • 2017 almost 840,000 foreign tourists visited and contributed £358 million to uks economy
• Migration in liverpool - national

  • welsh migrants in 1700s/1800s due to its developing industry and work in canals and railways. by 1813 10% of population was welsh
  • 2 million irish migrants due to famine in ireland in 1845. by 1850 over 20% of population was irish
  • about 75% of people in liverpool have some irish ancestry
• Migration in liverpool - international -

  • port built in 1715 importing ships from all over the world
  • liverpool had europes first ever china town from 19th century
  • Uks oldest Black African community that started in 1730
  • liverpool is ethnically diverse - 1 in 8 people are from an ethnic minority background
• Migration facts to remember -

  • liverpool home to europes first china town
  • the uks oldest black african community found in liverpool with roots from 1730
  • 1 in 8 people are from ethnically diverse backgrounds
  • liverpools port been attracting ships/people since port built in 1730
  • 2 million Irish migrants in 1845
  • 1813 10% of population was welsh
• Urban change in liverpool - it slowly transitioned from a busy port and manufacturing centre to a modern tourist destination and place for creative industries
• Liverpool ONE - A range of retail, restaurants and leisure in Liverpool

  Liverpool TWO - car manufacturing and container ports
• urban change opportunities -

  environmental

  • urban greening - decline in industry left areas run down and open space waste land. These are developed into public parks and gardens
  • Liverpool ONE includes a 5 acre park (chavasse park) in city centre
  • cycle and pedestrian routes - encourages people to get out of cars = less greenhouse gas emissions
• Social and economic opportunities of urban change:
• urban change opportunies - social and economic- Cultural mixing:

  • Ethnic diversity has brought a range of food, festivals, and culture to the city, attracting more people
  • Example: Chinatown has a thriving Chinese community and is a popular tourist destination
• urban change opportunities - social and economic- Recreation/entertainment:

  • The Albert Dock has been restored and developed into shops, restaurants, and museums
  • The Echo Arena was built on a brownfield site at Kings Docks
  • £1 billion was spent regenerating the city centre to create Liverpool ONE
• Urban change opportunities- social and economic- Employment:

  • Tourism and services sector offer 160,000 jobs
  • The ‘Baltic Triangle’ area transformed into creative industries (film making and digital design) from factories and warehouses
  • Traditional industries like car manufacturing at Halewood remained, and a container port in Liverpool TWO was established
• urban change opportunities- social amd economic - Integrated transport systems:

  • Merseytravel operates buses, trains, and ferries
  • Prepaid cards are used across all networks, making it easy to travel and encouraging public transport use
• Urban change challanges - environmental

  • Dereliction- buildings were vandalised and areas ( eg Toxteth became rundown
  • building on greenfield/brownfield sites- destroys natural habitats - in 2016 the gov. rejected a plan to build 160 new houses on a greenfield site. it is better to build on brownfield sites but land needs clearing first
  • waste disposal - 10,000 tonnes of rubbish to landfill per month. new waste/recycling centre made in Old Swan in 2015
• Urban change challenges- social and economic

  • urban deprivation - industrial decline left parts in liverpool very deprived due to factories closing (eg Anfield and Toxteth)
  • Housing inequality - regeneration in parts has increased inequality as richer people have better access to housing, education, healthcare. Old housing is being cleared and replaced w modern houses but its too expensive now
• Urban change challenges- social and economic

  • education and employment inequality- children in deprived areas leave schl without basic qualifications = low incomes + high unemployment. Youth unemployment in Anfield is 8.5%
  • unhealthy lifestyles - eg drinking, smoking, bad diet, more common in deprived areas - life expectancy can be 15 yrs lower in deprived areas
• Challanges to remember-

  • youth unemployment in Anfield is 8.5% compared to 2.8% nationally
  • life expectancy can be 15 yrs lower in derelict areas
  • Anfield and Toxteth are most deprived areas
  • regeneration increased inequality
  • pressure on greenfield sites as population of city grows
• Urban sprawl and pressure on Rural - urban fringe 1

  • liverpool has sprawled merging with Mersyside conurbation (big area of towns and cuties outside) this has affected the rural - urban fringe :
  • large housing estates built on rural greenfield land = destroys ecosystem/open spaces
  • out-of-town developments - (eg Knownsley business park) people use rural cheaper land outside the city - rural land lost and pollution and congestion caused cos people travel to them by car
• urban sprawl and pressure on rural-urban fringe 2

  • commuter settlements - eg Aughton village/ people travel from here into city to work. This creates challenges:
  • demand for houses increases prices so local rural people cant live in them
  • businessess in commuter settlements (eg corner shop or cafe) will suffer as most residents have travelled into city and are spending money there at work instead of locally in shops at Village
  • large populations commuting = pollution, traffic congestion, parking problems,
• Anfield (one of the most deprived areas) project - social and economic features

  • derelict homes sold for £1 on the condition they were fully renovated
  • 9% of unemployment in Anfield
  • over 300 derelict homes refurbished and 600 new ones built
  • the Anfield sports and community centre refurbished and a new healthcare and schl opened
  • New high street planned w £10 million hotel and businessess encouraged to move in
  • capacity of football stadium increased to 54,000
• Anfield project - environment features

  • Stanley park - footpath improved, dead trees replaced and nearby car Park refurbished
  • a £4.5 million environmental scheme in 2017 aiming to create narrow roads to make wider tree lined pavements