Quiz 2

• Skeletal System:

  • Includes all bones and joints in the bodyAdult body is made up of 206 individual bones
  • Collaborate with other systems
  • Made up of bomes, cartilages, ligaments, and other tissues that perform essential functions for the human body.
• Living Bone Cells allow bones to:

  • Be broken down to release their stored mineral
  • Grow and develop
  • Be repaired following an injury or daily wear
• Bone Classification:

  • Long Bones: extremities (e.g. Humerus)
  • Short Bones: trapezoid (e.g. Ankles and Wrist)
  • Flat Bones: e.g. sternum
  • Irregular Bones: no definite shape (e.g. Vertebra)
  • Sesamoid Bone: patella
• Functions of the Skeletal System:

  • Support: rigid strong bones for bearing weight, major supporting tissue of the body
  • Protection: hardness of the bone contributes to protecting vital organs like the heart, lungs, brain, and spinal cord
  • Movement: skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons, act as levers for muscles
  • Storage: fat stored in internal cavities of bones, mineral storage for maintaining homeostasis of minerals in the blood
  • Blood Cell Production: hematopoiesis, many bones contain cavities filled with bone marrow that gives rise to blood cells and platelets
• • Bone Remodeling: involves removal of old bone by osteoclasts and deposition of new bone by osteoblasts, responsible for bone growth, changes in bone shape, adjustment to stress, bone repair, and calcium ion regulation
• Bone Ossification:

  • Two types: Intramembranous Ossification and Endochondral Ossification
  • Intramembranous Ossification: process of bone development from fibrous membrane, involved in the formation of flat bones like the skull
  • Endochondral Ossification: process of bone development from hyaline cartilage, forms all bones of the body except flat bones like the skull
  • Bone Growth: appositional growth for width or diameter increase, endochondral growth for length increase controlled by hormones
• Bone Repair and Calcium Homeostasis:

  • Bone Repair: process in which a bone repairs itself following a fracture, involves clot formation, callus formation, and remodeling to form compact bone
  • Calcium Homeostasis: bone serves as the major storage for calcium, movement of calcium in and out of bone helps determine blood calcium levels, regulated by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
• Bone and Joint Disorders:

  • Achondroplasia: form of short-limbed dwarfism, malformation due to improper ossification
  • Osteogenesis Imperfecta: brittle bone disease, genetic disorder resulting in easily fractured bones due to improper ossification
• Osteogenesis Imperfecta is a genetic disorder resulting from a lack of protein collagen, leading to very brittle bones that are easily fractured
• Rickets is a condition where the bones of children are inadequately mineralized, causing softened and weakened bones
• Osteomalacia is a condition where bones are inadequately mineralized, leading to softened and weakened bones
• Osteoporosis is a group of diseases where bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit
• Arthritis is joint inflammation that can affect the skin and internal organs
• Osteoarthritis is wear and tear arthritis, where the cartilage covering the ends of bones deteriorates
• Rheumatoid Arthritis is an active chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease affecting the synovial membrane
• Gouty Arthritis is associated with an inborn error of uric acid metabolism
• Bursitis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the bursa, a small sac filled with fluid located at friction points
• Congenital anomalies of the skeletal system include Spina Bifida, Achondroplasia, and Osteogenesis Imperfecta
• Metabolic bone diseases include Osteoporosis, Osteopetrosis, and Osteomalacia
• Osteopetrosis is known as "Marble Bone" and involves overgrowth of bone leading to denser and sclerotic bones
• Benign bone tumors include Bone Cyst, Osteochondroma, Enchondroma, and Osteoid Osteoma
• Malignant bone tumors include Chondrosarcoma, Osteogenic Sarcoma, Ewing Sarcoma, and Multiple Myeloma
• Living Bone Cells are found on the edges of bones and in small cavities inside of the bone matrix. It make up very little of the total bone mass. It have several very important roles in the functions of the skeletal system.
• Osteology is the study of bone structure and treatment of bone disorder.
• Osteogenesis is the bone ossification or the formation of bone osteoblast.
• Three Types of Bone Cells

  1. Osteoblast
  2. Osteocyte
  3. Osteoclast
• Osteoblast

  • Bone Builder
  • Bone Calcification
  • Periosteum and Endosteum
  • Bone Manufacturing
  • Responsible for repair of bones
• Osteocytes

  • Mature bone cells 
  • To maintain the condition of bones. 
• Osteoclasts

  • Bone “Eaters”
  • Bone resorption
  • Endosteum
  • Removal of old bone
• Bone Morphology

  • Diaphysis
  • Epiphyses
  • Articular Cartilage
• Epiphysis - covered by articular cartilage.
• Articular Cartilage - prevents friction

  • Covers epiphysis
• BONE ANATOMY (LONGITUDINAL SECTION)

  • Compact Bone - outer bone and rigid
  • Spongy Bone - inner bone and porous
  • Pores - spaces for red bone marrow. 
  • Central Canal - space containing the yellow bone marrow. 
• Trabeculae - needle-like structure
• BONE ANATOMY (CROSS SECTION)

  • Periosteum - outer aspect 
  • Covers the central canal
  • Endosteum - inner aspect
  • Resembles a sandwich
  • Bone Marrow
  • Long Bone - tubular
  • Flat Bone - no central canal
• Female Pelvic Bones

  • Cavity of the True Pelvis
  • Tilted forward
  • Broad
  • Shallow
  • Greater Capacity
  • Bone Thickness
  • Lesser
  • Smoother
  • Acetabula
  • Smaller
  • Farther
  • Pubic Angle
  • Broader
  • More rounded
• Male Pelvic Bones

  • Cavity of the True Pelvis
  • Less tilted forward
  • Narrow
  • Deep
  • Bone Thickness
  • Greater
  • Prominent Markings
  • Acetabula
  • Larger 
  • Closer
  • Pubic Angle
  • More acute
• Two Types of Osteogenesis

  • Intramembranous Ossification
  • Endochondral Ossification
• Intramembranous ossification

  • the process of bone development from a fibrous membrane
  • Involved in the formation of the flat bones of the skull, mandible, and clavicles. 
  • Directly from the membranous bone
• 1. Endochondral Ossification

  • Process of bone development from hyaline cartilage. 
  • All of the bones of the body, except the flat bones of the skull, mandible, and clavicles, are formed.
  • Enlargement of chondrocytes