Respiration

• Define substrate level phosphorylation ?

  The formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a reactive intermediate to ADP.
• Word equation for respiration.

  Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + Water + energy
• Oxidation

  • Gain of oxygen
  • Loss of hydrogen
  • Loss of electrons
• Reduction

  • Loss of oxygen
  • Gain of hydrogen
  • Gain of electrons
• Word equation for the anaerobic respiration in plants/fungi.

  Glucose --> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
• Word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals.

  Glucose --> Lactic acid
• What is oxygen debt ?

  When oxygen is required after anaerobic respiration to remove lactic acid by oxidation.
• What is energy measured in ?

  Joules
• Why do living things need energy ?

  To drive their biological processes.
• What is metabolism ?

  All the chemical reactions that take place within an organism.
• What is anabolic ?

  Reactions that build up large molecules (condensation)
• What is catabolic ?

  Reactions that break large molecules into smaller ones (hydrolysis)
• Is hydrogenation reduction or oxidation ?

  Reduction because hydrogens are gained
• What type of reaction is dehydrogenation ?

  Oxidation
• What is phosphorylation ?

  The addition of a phosphate group
• What are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration ?

  1. Glycolysis
  2. Link Reaction
  3. Krebs Cycle
  4. Oxidative Phosphorylation
• How much ATP is produced by glycolysis ?

  2 ATP
• Where does Glycolysis take place ?

  Cytoplasm
• Where does the Link Reaction take place ?

  Mitochondrial Matrix
• Where does the Krebs Cycle take place ?

  Mitochondrial Matrix
• Where does the ETC take place ?

  Cristae Membrane
• Are co-enzymes actual enzymes ?

  No
• What are the 3 co-enzymes used in aerobic respiration ?

  NAD, FAD and Co-enzyme A
• What are NAD and FAD also known as ?

  hydrogen carriers
• What does Co-enzyme A carry ?

  Acetate
• Which stage happens in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration ?

  Glycolysis
• Does Glycolysis require oxygen ?

  No.
• What does Glycolysis mean ?

  Splitting glucose
• In the absence of oxygen during glycolysis, what are the pyruvate converted into ?

  Lactate or Ethanol
• Why does Glycolysis take place in the cytoplasm and not the mitochondria ?

  Glucose can't cross the outer mitochondrial membrane but pyruvate can so the rest of the reaction occur in the mitochondria.
• What are the 3 main stages of Glycolysis ?

  1. Phosphorylation 2. Splitting 3. Oxidation
• Describe the process of Glycolysis.

  1. Phosphorylation = Glucose (6C) is phosphorylated twice by 2 ATP. This is known as substrate level phosphorylation. An unstable hexose bisphosphate (6C) is produced.
  2. Splitting = Hexose bisphosphate (6C) splits to make 2 triose phosphates (2x3C)
  3. Oxidation = Triose phosphate (2x3C) is oxidised (loses a hydrogen) and forms 2 pyruvate (2x3C). NAD collect the hydrogen ions to form 2 redNAD. 4 ATP is produced, but 2 were used up in the first step, so there is a net gain of 2 ATP.
• How much ATP is used in Glycolysis ?

  2 ATP
• How many NADH produced in Glycolysis ?

  2
• What are the products of Glycolysis ?

  2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH
• What happens to the pyruvate after Glycolysis for aerobic respiration ?

  It diffuses into the mitochondria, if oxygen is present
• How many times does the Link reaction happen for 1 molecule of glucose ?

  2
• Describe the process of the Link Reaction.

  1. Pyruvate (3C) is decarboxylated - 1 carbon is removed in the form of CO2.
  2. Pyruvate (3C) is oxdised to form Acetate (2C) and NAD is reduced to form redNAD.
  3. Acetate (2C) is combined with Co-enzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl coenzyme A (2C)
• What are the products of the Link Reaction ?

  2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 NADH and 2 CO2
• How many times does the Krebb cycle happen per glucose ?

  2