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Unit 2 - society and sociological enquiry
Research methods
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Emily Kindred
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Cards (50)
What does G.R.O.V.E.R stand for
Generalisability
Representative
Objectivity
Validity
Ethics
Reliability
Define Generalisability
If a resource is
representative
it can be
generalised
to view a whole
population
Define Representative
The
representation
of
diversity
within the group based on the
target
population.
Define Objectivity
The whole
uninfluenced
research data (not
biased
by a researcher)
Define Validity
The
true
answers to a
question
Define Ethics
Unbiased,
true
, representative information which is retrieved
ethically
Define Reliability
Repeatability
of a research method’s data
Definition of observations
watching
a group of people in their
natural
social setting and observing how they
behave
in their everyday activities
Definition of overt observations
open
about their identity as a
researcher
Definition of covert observations
secretive
and
hides
identity as a researcher
Define Participant observations
researcher
joins
behaviours
of those being studied
Define Non-participant observations
sit back and
observe
what the group does without getting
involved
in their behaviours
Definition of interviews
asking participants
questions
and
recording
their answers in some way
Define structured Interviews
interviews with a set,
planned
list of
questions
Define an unstructured interview
an interview with
no planned
questions but surrounds a
set theme
(go with the flow)
Define a semi-structured interview
an interview with some
planned questions
but allows room to
expand
on answers and probe into topics discussed
Define a Focus group
Conversational
interviews within a group setting to
discuss
and debate different ideas
Definition of questionnaires
a
set list
of questions on a topic that can be completed
independentl
y
Define open questions
a question that does not
restrict
the possible range of answers and allows
detailed
responses
Define closed questions
a question with a determined
range
of possible answers
Definition of surveys
questionnaires based on a
snapshot
of time
Define longitudinal research
data that is retrieved over a
long
period of time to measure
changes
over the period
Define a longitudinal panel study
sample surveyed on two or more
occasions
Define a longitudinal cohort study
a
sample
containing similar
characteristics
or
experiences
to draw
comparisons
]
Definition of multiple methods
two
or
more
research methods to
back
up results to gain a fuller
understanding
of a topic
Define Triangulation
multiple methods used to check the
validity
of the research through
similar
or
conflicting
results
Define Methodological pluralism
multiple methods
used to build a
fuller
picture of a
topic
Define secondary data
already existing data that can be
qualitative
or
quantitative
and was
not
collected by the researcher
Define historical secondary data
provides
unattainable
primary data to make
comparisons
over time
Define personal/life secondary data
personally
written documents that provide a greater insight into certain
situations
e.g. diaries
Define media secondary data
talks about foreign/political issues but is often
biased
Define Official Statistic Secondary data
available
on a wide range of
subjects
and is often
valid
and
time saving
Definition of sampling
small
proportion of a
target
population to be studied aiming to be
representative
in order to
generalise
results
Define random sampling
using a
sampling
frame, e.g. a list of
names
, to randomly select participants
Define Systematic sampling
sampling using a
sample frame
in a
pattern
using
nth
term e.g. every 4th person
Define Stratified sampling
target population divided into
subgroups
and selected based on the subgroups
representation
of the
population
Define Opportunity sampling
using respondents who are easily
available
to the researcher e.g.
students
in a
classroom
Define Snowball sampling
Using an
initial contact
to invite
more
people into the research
Define Quota sampling
sample based on those who fit a certain
demographic
being stopped on the
street
and interviewed
What are the Practical Issues?
Time
Research Opportunities
Access to participants
Money
Personal Characteristics
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