Microbiology

• Cyanobacteria glides by secreting a polysaccharide slime from pores onto the surface of the cell
• Cytophaga glides at the expense of slime excretion, rotating along its axis as it does
• Exosporium is the outermost layer of the endospore
• Cortex is the loosely cross-linked peptidoglycan layer of the endospore
• Binary Fission refers to the equal products of cell division

  
• Binary fission is the form of cell division that most Bacteria uses

  
• Unequal products of Cell Division include Simple budding, Budding from hyphae, Cell division of stalked organism, Polar growth without differentiation of size
• Pirellula: an example of simple budding

  
• Blastobacter: Example of simple budding

  
• Caulobacter: Example of Cell Division of stalked organism

  
• Rhodopseudomonas: Example of polar growth w/o differentiation of cell size

  
• Nitrobacter: Example of polar growth w/o differentiation of cell size

  
• Methylosinus: Example of polar growth w/o differentiation of cell size

  
• Hyphomicrobium: Example of Budding from Hyphae

  
• Rhodomicrobium: Example of Budding from Hyphae

  
• Pedomicrobium: Example of Budding from Hyphae

  
• OriC is the origin of replication in the chromosomal DNA
• Vertical transmission is where DNA transmits characteristics from one generation to the next
• Bacilus has DNA that is double-stranded and helical

  
• DNAa is a protein that binds to OriC
• DNAa is the starting replication in the chromosomal DNA
• DNAa is the origin binding protein vertical transmission of Bacteria
• The binding of DNAa to OriC initiates replication
• The OriC or origin of replication is a specific region in the bacterial DNA where replications starts
• SeqA plays a crucial role in regulating DNA replication
• SeqA protein can bind to and temporarily block the OriC region in the DNA. This prevents DNA replication from starting in that area.
• While OriC is blocked, the cell continues to grow and elongate. This allows the DNA to unwind and become more accessible for replication later.
• By blocking OriC initially, SeqA ensures that DNA replication occurs at a specific time and location within the elongated cell, leading to proper segragation of the replicated DNA into daughter cells during division.
• While the SeqA protein does its job, cell elongation takes place.
• For bacteria, DNA should only be replicated once
• When SeqA binds to OriC, DNA will not replicate
• There is only one round of replication in a bacterial cell
• In the stage of segregation of chromosomes, the daughter cells will have each copy.

  
• Z-ring is the yellow ring forming between the separation of daughter cells. This is the version of cleavage for bacteria.
• Fts proteins stands for "Filamentous temperative sensitive"
• Each Fts protein has a specific job in the process of cell division.
• FtsZ is the director of the whole operation. It forms a ring at the center of the cell, marking the spot where the division will occur.
• Other Fts proteins include: FtsQ, FtsB, FtsL, FtsI, FtsN, FtsW, and FtsK. These are basically the skilled workers that follow FtsZ's instructions.
• FtsQ, FtsB, and FtsL are like bricklayers, anchoring the wall to the cell membrane.
• FtsI and FtsN are like plumbers, installing channels for new cell components to pass through.