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• Transportation was significant as people were trying to go places, discover new horizons, search for food, find better settlement locations, and trade surplus goods
• Navigation assisted them in their journeys and allowed them to return home after traveling to new places
• Communication was essential to discover and occupy new places, facilitate trade, and prevent conflicts with natives
• Record-keeping was important to remember places visited, document trades made, and keep records of history and culture
• Arts were used to relate with other cultures and civilizations
• Weapons and armors were essential for security, protection, and establishing alliances with other tribes
• Conservation of life and health was crucial due to illnesses and diseases, leading to the discovery of cures and prevention methods
• Architecture and field of engineering allowed humans to build structures to address specific needs and wants
• Cuneiform was the first writing system developed by the Sumerians using word pictures and triangular symbols carved on clay
• Uruk City was the first true city built with mud and clay bricks, protecting from harsh weather and wild animals
• The Great Ziggurat of Ur, also known as the Mountain of God, was a sacred place for their chief god, showcasing intricate Sumerian architecture
• Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals for water supply and flood control, considered beneficial engineering works
• Sailboats were essential for transportation and trading, covering large distances through rivers and seas
• The wheel was initially used for farm work and food processes, enabling easier mass production
• The plow facilitated faster ground digging for planting seeds and cultivating larger lands for food production
• Roads were developed for faster and easier travel, especially during rainy seasons
• Babylonians were great builders, engineers, and architects near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
• The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, a structure of layered gardens, is a wonder with no physical evidence of existence
• Egyptians made writing easier with papyrus, a plant processed into thin sheets for writing, lighter and less breakable than clay tablets
• Ink was invented by Egyptians using soot and chemicals, tamper-proof for secure writing
• Hieroglyphics, a system of writing using symbols, provided by their gods and still famous today
• Cosmetics were used for health and aesthetic reasons, with Kohl worn around the eyes for eye diseases prevention
• Wigs were used for health purposes, protecting shaved heads from the sun and preventing head lice accumulation
• Greece, known as the birthplace of western philosophy, contributed to in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics
• Water mills were used in agricultural processes for milling grains, considered better than animal-powered mills
• Alarm clocks were invented by the ancient Greeks for time management purposes
• The Roman Empire was the strongest political and social entity in the west, known as the cradle of politics and governance
• Newspapers, known as Gazettes, contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people for easy access to government information
• Bound books or Codex made record-keeping easier and more organized for events and legislated laws
• Roman architecture and numerals were significant contributions to the world, with architecture resembling Greek architecture and numerals devised for standard counting methods