Musculo

• Systema musculoskeletale includes:

  • Systema skeletale
  • Systema articulare
  • Systema musculare
• Skeleton trunci includes:

  • Cingulum superior
  • Skeleton extremitatis superioris
  • Cingulum inferius
  • Skeleton extremitatis inferioris
  • Cranium
• Skeleton axiale consists of:

  • Columna vertebralis (tulang belakang)
  • Os cranium (tulang tengkorak)
  • Os hyoideum (tulang lidah)
  • Os costa (tulang iga)
  • Os sternum (tulang dada)
• Skeleton appendiculare includes:

  • ossa membri superioris (tulang anggota badan atas)
  • ossa membri inferioris (tulang anggota badan bawah)
• Ossicula auditoria are auditory bones and consist of:

  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
• Functions of The Skeleton:

  • Support
  • Movement
  • Protection
  • Blood cells formation
  • Electrolyte balance
  • Acid-base balance
  • Detoxification
• Cranium consists of:

  • Neurocranium (meliputi otak)
  • Viscerocranium (membentuk muka)
• Klasifikasi Hubungan Tulang includes:

  • Solid joint:
  • Articulatio fibrosa (synarthrosis)
  • Articulatio cartilaginea/cartilaginosa
  • Articulatio synovialis
• Klasifikasi Serabut Otot:

  • Otot seran lintang (lurik, skelet, voluntar, somatik)
  • Otot polos (involuntar, visceral, non-striated)
  • Otot jantung (cardiac muscle)
• Ciri Serabut Otot Seran Lintang:

  • Panjang
  • Berinti banyak
  • Dipelihara oleh serabut saraf motorik
  • Gerakan terjadi secara sadar (bisa dikontrol)
• Ciri Serabut Otot Polos:

  • Terdapat hampir di semua ddg pembuluh darah dan viscera
  • Berbentuk kumparan (fusiform, spindle-shaped)
  • Dipelihara oleh serabut saraf otonom dan hormon tertentu
  • Gerakan terjadi secara tdk sadar (tdk bisa dikontrol)
  • Memunyai peranan penting dlm pengaturan sirkulasi, digesti, sekresi, dan ekskresi
• The musculoskeletal system includes the head, neck, and vertebrae
• In the skeletal system, components include the cranium, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, sacrum, scapula, clavicle, upper limb bones, hip, and lower limb bones
• The cranium consists of the neurocranium and viscerocranium
• Neurocranium functions to protect the brain and includes bones like Os Occipitale, Os Parietale, Os Temporale, Os Frontale, Os Sphenoidale, and Os Ethmoidale
• Important holes in the cranium include Lamina cribrosa ossis ethmoidalis, Foramen opticum, Fissura orbitalis superior, Foramen rotundum, Foramen ovale, Foramen spinosum, Meatus acusticus internus, Foramen jugulare, Canalis hipoglosus, and Foramen magnum
• The viscerocranium forms the face and includes bones like Os Maxilla, Os Palatine, Os Nasal, Os Zygomatic, Os Lacrimal, and Os Mandibula
• The vertebral column includes cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae, as well as ribs and sternum
• Characteristics of a vertebra include the corpus vertebra, pedicle, processus spinosus, processus transversum, and processus artikularis
• Important structures in the mandible include Foramen mandibula, Foramen mentalis, Fovea submandibularis, and Fovea sublingualis
• Muscles in the face include Musculi mastikasi for chewing and Otot Mimik for facial expressions
• Muscles in the neck include M. Sternocleidomastoideus for head movement, Mm. Scaleni for breathing, and M. Trapezius for shoulder movement
• Back muscles include M. Trapezius, M. Latissimus dorsi, M. Rumboid, M. Serratus posterior inferior, M. Serratus posterior superior, M. interspinalis transversus, M. sacrospinalis, and M. quadratus lumborum
• Joint types include fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints categorized as Sinartrosis, Amfiartrosis, and Diartrosis
• Diartrosis joints have specific components like caput articulare, cavitas glenoidalis, capsula articularis, cavum articulare, tendons, cartilage, fat pads, and ligaments
• Important joints in the cranium and vertebrae include Sutura Coronalis, Sutura Sagitalis, Sutura Lambdoidea, Fontanella major, Fontanella minor, Articulatio Temporomandibularis, Artic. atlantooccipitalis, Discus Intervertebralis, and Artic. Sacroiliaca