evolution

• Natural selection is driven by factors such as competition for resources, predation, and environmental changes.
• species are groups of similar organisms that are capable of producing fertile offspring
• Evolution is change over time
• Gene pool consists of all the alleles of a species that are present in a population
• Mutation is a random change in the DNA of a gene
• Recombination forms new alleles and can lead to new genetic variation.
• Directional selection is when a specific allele at the end is preferred over
• Stabilizing is when the average allele is more preferred
• Disruptive is when both alleles on the ends are more preferred and the average is bad
• Genetic drift is the random change in allele frequencies in a population due to chance
• Gene flow is the movement of alleles from one population to another. (pointer)
• Bottleneck is a sudden reduction in the population size of a species due to a natural disaster or disease
• Founder is the first individual of a species to survive and reproduce in a new environment.
• Sexual selection (male showiness/female choosiness)
• speciation: the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
• Prezygotic: Occurring before fertilization or zygote formation

  geographic/temporal/behavioral/mechanical
• postzygotic: the offspring of two individuals that are not genetically related

  inviability/sterility/breakdown
• Adaptive is divergent
• Convergent evolution is when different species evolve in similar ways due to similar environmental pressures
• Divergent Evolution: The process when a species evolves into different species.
• coevolution is the interaction between two species that results in changes in both species
• punctuated equilibrium is a model of evolution where species undergo rapid changes in their distribution and abundance
• Greeks: scala naturae is the idea that everything is made up of different levels of being.
• Biblical view- God created the world in 6 days and rested on the 7th day.( animals haven't changed since the day they were created)
• Hutton- said that processes that change the earth take a long time
• Lyell-principles of geology and stressed that scientists need to explain past events in terms of processes that they can actually observe
• Smith-each stratum has unique fossils
• Cuvier- documented extinction as a common occurrence through catastrophe
• Malthus-linked population through poverty and disease
• Lamarck WAS WRONG

  1. Tendency Towards Perfection
  2. Use and Disuse
  3. Inheritance pf acquired characteristics
• Darwin-1831-1859: Theorized that species evolved through natural selection.
• Wallace-basically copied Darwin
• Earth is 4.6 billion years old
• Relative dating- determines the order of events in the past by comparing the relative ages of different rocks and fossils
• Stasis-little change
• gradualism-slight changes
• radioactive dating- used to determine the age of rocks and fossils with carbon dating
• embryology: the branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.
• homologous structures same origin but different function
• Analogous structure is when two or more organisms have similar function but not origin