coding capacity and duration

• What is the main focus of the study material?

  Capacity and duration of memory
• What does the experience of memory indicate?

  Some memories are brief and quickly forgotten
• What do psychologists investigate regarding memory?

  They study short-term and long-term memory
• What are the two types of memory mentioned?

  Short-term memory and long-term memory
• What does the amount of information that can be held in memory refer to?

  It refers to memory capacity
• What is the average capacity of short-term memory?

  5 to 9 items
• What is the average duration of short-term memory?

  18 to 30 seconds
• What does long-term memory refer to?

  Permanently stored information
• What is the main characteristic of long-term memory?

  It has a potentially unlimited capacity
• How do the theories of memory capacity and duration relate?

  They explain how information is stored and recalled
• What does coding in memory refer to?

  Converting information from one form to another
• What is the process of converting information into the brain called?

  Coding
• If you hear a word, see a picture, and think about its meaning, what types of memory are you using?

  Acoustic, visual, and semantic memory
• What did Baddeley (1966) contribute to memory research?

  He provided different lists of words for memory studies
• What are the four groups of words used in Baddeley's study?

  Acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar, semantically dissimilar
• What is the task participants were asked to do in Baddeley's study?

  Recall the original words in correct order
• What happens when participants are asked to recall words immediately?

  They recall them quickly after hearing
• What is a big group of semantically dissimilar words?

  Words with different meanings
• What were participants asked to do with the original words?

  Recall them in the correct order
• What happens when participants are asked to recall words immediately after hearing them?

  They tend to do worse with similar words
• How does the time interval affect word recall in participants?

  Recall worsens with a 20-minute interval
• What were participants asked to do after a 20-minute interval?

  Write down the words from memory
• What was the outcome of the recall task after a 20-minute interval?

  Participants did worse with similar words
• What does the result of the recall task suggest about information coding?

  Information is coded semantically in LTM
• Who developed a technique to measure digit span?

  Joseph Jacobs
• What does digit span refer to in STM?

  How much information can be held at once
• If a researcher gives 4 digits to recall, what is the next step?

  Ask the participant to recall them
• What happens if the participant recalls the digits correctly?

  The researcher increases the number of digits
• What is the mean span for digits across participants?

  9.3 items
• What is the mean span for letters across participants?

  7.3 items
• What did George Miller observe about memory practice?

  It involves grouping sets of digits or letters
• What does chunking refer to in memory recall?

  Grouping information into manageable units
• What did Miller note about the number of notes in a musical scale?

  There are 7 notes in a musical scale
• How many days are there in a week?

  7 days
• What does the span of STM suggest about its capacity?

  STM can hold about 7 items
• What did Miller find about the number of words people can recall?

  People can recall 5 words
• What does chunking help with in memory recall?

  It helps to remember larger sets of information
• How does the research on duration relate to memory?

  It shows how long information can be retained
• What is the significance of the research on duration?

  It determines how long information lasts in memory
• What is the capacity of STM?

  About 7 items