Organic Chemistry Hybridization p2

• sp3 - hybridized carbons for tetrahedral geometeries
• sp2 - hybridized carbons for trigonal planar geometries
• sp - hybridized carbons for linear geometries
• a functional group is defined as an atom or a group of atoms that effectively determines the chemical properties of an organic compound
• hydrocarbons - compounds contain only the 2 elements ; C and H
• all organic compounds are derived from hydrocarbons
• aromatic hydrocarbons - hydrocarbons that contain a delocalized ring of pi bonds such as the benzene ring
• aliphatic hydrocarbons - do not contain the benzene group, or the benzene ring
• saturated hydrocarbons - contain only sigma bond (single bonds)
• unsaturated hydrocarbons - contain both sigma and pi bonds (single, double, and triple bonds)
• cyclic hydrocarbons - hydrocarbon in which the carbon chain joins to itself in a ring
• alkanes - compounds with c-c single bonds and c-h bonds only (no functional groups)
• alkanes - called paraffins ( low affinity compounds ) because they do not react as most chemicals do
• the formula for an alkane with no rings in it is Cn H2n+2 where n is the number of C atoms
• alkanes are saturated with hydrogen (no more can be added), contains single bonds
• alkanes - are also called aliphatic compounds
• methane - CH4
• ethane - CH3CH3
• propane - CH3CH2CH3
• butane - CH3CH2CH2CH3
• meth - 1 carbon atom
• eth - 2 carbon atoms
• prop - 3 carbon atoms
• but - 4 carbon atoms
• pent - 5 carbon atoms
• hex - 6 carbon atoms
• hept - 7 carbon atoms
• oct - 8 carbon atoms
• non - 9 carbon atoms
• dec - 10 carbon atoms
• alkyl group - remove one H from an alkane ( a part of a structure)
• functional groups are responsible for chemical reactions
• general abbreviation of alkyl group is "R" (for radical, an incomplete species or the "rest" of the molecule)
• the formula for R is Cn H2n+1
• CH3 is methyl
• CH2CH3 is ethyl
• types of alkyl groups; classified by the connection site

  • primary alkyl group
  • secondary alkyl group
  • tertiary alkyl group
• primary alkyl group - a carbon at the end of a chain
• secondary alkyl group - a carbon in the middle of a chain
• tertiary alkyl group - a carbon with 3 carbons attached to it