G6

• Vertebrates are animals with a backbone.
• Invertebrates are animals without a backbone.
• A backbone is the column of bones, muscles, and other tissues in the back of an animal
• A backbone is also called spinal column or the spine.
• Vertebrates are divided into mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and birds.
• Mammals are vertebrates that posses mammary glands, which are glands that produce milk for the young.
• Examples of mammals include goats, bats, cats, tigers, whales, deer, and cows.
• Before birth, most mammals undergo a period of development as an embryo or fetus inside the mother. This period is called gestation.
• The babies the continue their development in a pouch-like sac called the marsupium.
• One group of mammals, the marsupials, have a short gestation period, and newborns come out undeveloped.
• The other group of mammals, called the placentals, have a longer gestation period, and give birth to completely developed young.
• Reptiles are cold-blooded vertebrates that have skin covered with scales or bony plates, which prevent the skin from drying out.
• Examples of reptiles are snakes, turtles, lizards, alligators, and crocodiles.
• The reptile embryo develops inside the egg until it is ready to hatch. Once it hatches from the egg, it becomes hatchling that can fend for and defend itself. It then continues to grow until it becomes juvenile, which looks similar to the adults but smaller.
• Amphibians are cold-blooded vertebrates that inhibit a Wide variety of ecosystems.
• Most amphibians undergo a process of great physical change and development called metamorphosis.
• Examples of amphibians are frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts.
• Birds are vertebrates that have feathers as body covering and beaks for getting food.
• Examples of birds are the Philippine eagles, parrots, albatrosses, owls, and cockatoos.
• Some birds, such as penguins and Kiwis, lost their ability to fly as a result of adaptation to their habitat.
• Fish are vertebrates that have fins.
• Freshwater fishes include salmon and tawilis. Examples of saltwater fishes are tuna, sharks, and swordfish.
• Invertebrates are animals without backbones.
• Invertebrates animals include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, segmented worms, echinoderms, mollusks, and arthropods.
• Examples of mollusks are slugs, snails, clams, squid, mussels, scallops, oysters, and octopusses.
• Mollusks are invertebrates that have a soft, unsegmented body with bilateral symmetry.
• Examples of Echinoderms are starfishes, sea urchins, sea cucumbers.
• In a sexual reproduction, echinoderms spilt or divide themselves into two or more parts in a process called fragmentation.
• Echinoderms can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
• Echinoderms also have an Internal skeleton or endoskleton.
• Echinoderms has a body that is radial symmetry, which means that they have similar parts that are arranged around a central axis.
• Echinoderms are invertebrates that can be recognized by the spiny skin that covers most of their bodies.
• Annelids perform asexual reproduction by dividing themselves into two or more pieces.
• Examples of flatworms are planarians, tapeworms, and flukes.
• Examples of segmented worms are earthworms, leeches, and ragworms.
• flatworms and roundworms, these animals display bilateral symmetry.
• Annelids or segmented worms are invertebrates that have a body with segments or rings that are joined together. Like
• Nematodes or roundworms are invertebrates with a cylindrical body. Like tapeworms, roundworms have bilateral symmetry.
• Flatworms can be found in salt water, freshwater, moist land habitats. Except for planarians, all flatworms are parasitic. This means that they live in or on other organisms (the hosts)
• Flatworms are invertebrates that have flat body with bilateral symmetry.