Year 11 PDHPE Core 2 - CQ1 (Skeletal System)

• Anatomy is the study of body structures and the relationship of body structures to one another
• Physiology is the study of functions of body structures. That is, how they work.
• Anatomical Position: the body is upright, feet flat, toes pointing forward, arms at sides, slightly away from the body, palms facing forwards, head and eyes looking straight.
• Anterior: towards the front (e.g. the breast is on the anterior chest wall)
• Posterior: Towards the back (e.g. the spine is posterior to the heart)
• Superior: towards the head (e.g. the sternum is superior to the tarsals)
• Inferior: towards the feet (e.g. the patella is inferior to the calvicle)
• Medial: towards the midline of the body (e.g. the sternum is medial to my ulna)
• Lateral: Away from the midline - towards the side of the body (e.g. the humerus is lateral to the femur)
• Proximal: Towards the body's mass (e.g. the ribs are proximal to the radius)
• Distal: Away from the body's mass (e.g. the phalanges are distal to the scapula)
• Superficial: Towards the body surface (e.g. the skin is superficial to the bones)
• Deep: Away from the body surface (e.g. the sternum is deep compared to my phalanges)
• The skull is SUPERIOR to the cervical spine.
• The ribs are LATERAL to the sternum.
• The clavicle is ANTERIOR to the scapula.
• The skeletal system is the body system composed of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and other tissues that perform essential functions for the human body.
• Functions of the skeletal system: protects, supports, movement, blood cell production, storage of minerals, storage of energy
• Protection: delicate organs need protection. E.g. the skull protects the brain, the vertebral column protects the spinal cord.
• Support: the body needs a framework. The skeleton is joined which allows a wide range of movement. The different joints allow different types of movement.
• Movement: muscles act on bones to cause movement. The skeleton is joined which allows a wide range of movement. The different joints allow different types of movement.
• Blood cell production: red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. Calcium and other minerals are stored in the bones.
• Storage of minerals: in particular, calcium and phosphorus, which are released when needed.
• Storage of energy: yellow bone marrow is a stored source of lipids in the bones.
• Axial skeleton: provides a central support axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs.
• Appendicular skeleton: includes the bones of the limbs, shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle which support and attach them to the axial skeleton.
• The skull is made up of the cranium and facial bones. The cranium is the skull cap made of fused bones and the 14 facial bones are all fused together.
• The vertebral column is categorised as:

  1. Cervical (C1-C7)
  2. Thoracic (T1-T12)
  3. Lumbar (L1-L5)
  4. Sacrum
  5. Coccyx
• The sternum serves as an attachment for most of the ribs
• There are 12 pairs of ribs which join the thoracic vertebrae at the back. At the front, pairs of ribs are attached to the sternum. 2 of them are not (they are floating)
• The clavicle is a long bone that provides attachment between the appendicular and the axial skeleton.
• The scapula is a large, flat traingular bone. It and the clavicle both allow for the arms to attach to the trunk portion of the axial skeleton.
• The upper limb consists of the arm, wrist and hand. Including:

  1. Humerus
  2. Radius
  3. Ulna
  4. Carpals
  5. Metacarpals
  6. Phalanges
• The lower limb includes:

  1. Femur
  2. Patella
  3. Tibia
  4. Fibula
  5. Tarsals
  6. Metatarsals
  7. Phalanges
• There are 5 types of bones:

  1. Sesamoid bones
  2. Long bones
  3. Short bones
  4. Flat bones
  5. Irregular bones
• Sesamoid bones protect the tendons and increases movement. E.g. the patella
• Long bones allow for movement and are weight bearing. The curved shape helps to absorb shock and distribute pressure. E.g. humerus, femur, radius, ulna
• Short bones are used in fine body movements. E.g. tarsals, carpals
• Flat bones protect organs and large muscles attach to them. E.g. scapula, cranium, sternum, ribs, pelvis
• Irregular bones provide body protection and shape. E.g. facial bones and vertebrae