NSTP

• President Corazon Aquino declared the period of 1990-1999 as the "Decade of Education for All"
• Education for All encompasses four major programs:

  • Institutionalization of Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD)
  • Universalization of Quality Primary Education (UQPE)
  • Eradication of Illiteracy
  • Continuing Education and Development
• The Six EFA goals that the Philippines committed to include:

  • Expanding early childhood care and education
  • Providing free and compulsory education for all
  • Providing learning and life skills to young people and adults
  • Increasing adult literacy by 50 percent
  • Achieving gender equality by 2015
  • Improving the quality of education
• Measures taken to address drop-outs:

  • Project Reach enlists the help of local government units to find school children and keep them in school
  • Other schemes like Drop-Out Reduction Program (DORP), MISOSA, and IMPACT provide alternative delivery modes of learning
• Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is a national poverty reduction program adminitered by DSWD providing conditional cash grants to households meeting specific conditions
• Health is wealth, a healthy body is free from diseases and stress from the environment
• Health issues in the Philippines include drug addiction, malnutrition, dengue, Covid-19, lack of medical workers, and lack of government hospitals in remote areas
• Health programs of the government to address health issues:

  • Free Vaccination
  • Providing rice to elementary pupils in public schools
  • Free anti-rabies for pets
  • Fogging in high breeding places of mosquitoes
  • More rehabilitation centers
  • High taxes for cigarettes and liquor (Sin tax)
  • Building more health centers and hospitals
• Suffrage is the right to cast a vote in a public election, covering both national and local offices
• Types of Suffrage:

  • Plebiscite
  • Election
  • Initiatives
  • Referendum
  • Recall
• Different kinds of elections:

  • General Election elections are

  held simultaneously on the same

  day for all national and local offices.

  • National Election elections for

  national officials like the president,

  vice president and members of

  congress.

  • Local Elections elections of

  offices in the cities,municipalities,

  and provinces.

  • Special Elections this is

  determined by Congress in the date

  different from the regular election.
• Election Problems:

  • Vote buying
  • Cheating or fraud
  • Election-related killings
  • Delay of election materials
  • Lack of election personnel
  • Delayed payments for election BEI's and watchers
• The Commission on Election is appointed by the President and plays a key role in the electoral process
• Entrepreneurship is centered around innovation and plays a crucial role in economic development
• Characteristics of Entrepreneurs:

  • Enthusiastic vision
  • Interlocked collection of specific ideas
  • Clear overall blueprint
  • Promotes the vision with passion
  • Takes responsibility to make the vision a success
  • Takes prudent risks
  • Positive thinker and decision maker
  • Full of confidence
• Development and Growth Theories:

  • Laissez Faire Theory
  • Keynesian Theory
  • Ricardian Theory
  • Innovation
  • Non-Economic Theory
• Contributions of Entrepreneurs:

  • Develop new markets
  • Discover new sources of materials
  • Mobilize capital resources
  • Introduce new technologies
  • Create employment
• Community is derived from the Latin word "communis", meaning "fellowship, community of relations and feelings"
• Definition of a community by R. M. McIver:

  • An aggregation of families and individuals settled in a fairly compact and contiguous geographical area
  • Significant elements of common life shown by manners, customs, traditions, and modes of speech
• Elements that a community may possess:

  • History from public documents, folk history, historical roots
  • Space relations: internal relations within the community
  • External relations: relations with other communities, nation, and state
  • Resources: human, man-made, and natural
  • Technology: modern or indigenous technical know-how of the people
  • Knowledge and beliefs
  • Values and sentiments
  • Goals
  • Norms
• Classification of every type of community by purpose:

  • Interest
  • Action
  • Place
  • Practice
  • Circumstance
• Position and roles in a community:

  • Elected or not elected
  • Power
  • Leadership
  • Influence
  • Social rank: standing of a person in a group
  • Reward and punishment
• Types of communities:

  • Geographical communities with boundaries and territories
  • Rural/urban communities traditional way classifying communities.
  • Sectoral communities (e.g., women, youth, farmers, fisher folks)
  • Functional communities group of people who share common interest.
  • Tribal/indigenous communities (e.g., Aetas, Mangyans)
  • Special types of communities (e.g., disabled, parishes, families)
• Community organization:

  • Definition: systematic, planned, and liberating change process transforming a complacent community into an organized, conscious, empowered, self-reliant, just, and humane entity and institution
  • Continuous process of educating, organizing, and mobilizing people to respond to their needs and solve long-term problems
• Brief history of community organization in the Philippine setting:

  • Introduced through the Philippine Ecumenical Council for Community Organization (PECCO) during the First Quarter Storm of the seventies
  • Program Zone One Tondo (ZOTO) born in the Tondo area and replicated in other parts of the Philippines
  • Continued during Martial Law with a focus on people's participation and community empowerment
• Goals of community organizing:

  • Transforming a complacent community into a self-propelling and self-nourishing entity
  • Improved quality of life
  • People empowerment
  • Leadership development and mobilization
  • Social transformation
• Guiding principles of community organizing:

  • "Go to the People, Live Among the People"
  • "Learn, Plan and Work with the People"
  • "Start With and Build on What the People Know"
  • "Teach By Showing, Learn by Doing"
  • "Not Piecemeal but an Integrated Approach"
  • "Not Relief, But Release"
• Community Organizing is a systematic, planned, and liberating change process that transforms a complacent, deprived, and malfunctioning community into an organized, conscious, empowered, self-reliant, just, and humane entity and institution (Philippine Business for Social Progress)
• Guiding Principles of Community Organizing:

  • "Go to the People, Live Among the People"
  • "Learn, Plan and Work with the People"
  • "Start With and Build on What the People Know"
  • "Teach By Showing, Learn by Doing"
  • Not Piecemeal but an Integrated Approach
  • "Not Relief, But Release"
• Community Organizing Process:

  • Community Selection
  • Pre-Entry Analysis
  • Integration
  • Problem Identification
  • Course of Action
  • Implementation
  • Phase Out
  • Monitoring and Evaluation
• Phases of Community Organizing:

  • Phase One: Community Selection (Pre-Entry Stage, Entry Stage)
  • Phase Two: Integration ("Integration rather than immersion", Immersion vs. Integration)
  • Phase Three: Analysis (Identifying, analyzing, and prioritizing current community needs and issues)
  • Phase Four: Course of Action (People's participation is essential, organizer acts as a facilitator)
  • Phase Five: Implementation (Implementation and Evaluation)
  • Phase Six: Phase Out
• Roles of a Community Organizer:

  • Facilitator (Listens, questions, encourages, and supports local strivings)
  • Animator (Stimulates critical thinking in problem-solving)
  • Catalyst (Speeds up the transformation/change process)
  • Enabler (Frees the community to realize strengths and potentials through key persons like leaders)
• Ideal Personal Qualities of a Community Organizer:

  • Integrity
  • Creativity
  • Courage
  • Flexibility
  • Objectivity
  • Self-Discipline
  • Tact
  • Sensitivity
  • Honesty
  • Adaptability
  • Imagination
  • Sense of Humor
• Community needs assessment is a process used to determine the needs of individuals or a group of individuals in order to design a program that will respond effectively to the needs and bring about desired changes in behavior
• Reasons to conduct a needs assessment survey:

  • Gather information about citizen attitudes and opinions regarding precisely defined issues, problems or opportunities
  • Determine how citizens rank issues, problems, and opportunities in order of importance and urgency
  • Give citizens a voice in determining policy, goals, and priorities
  • Determine citizen support for initiatives
  • Evaluate current programs and policies
  • End speculation about "what people are thinking" or "what people really want"
• Steps in conducting a community needs assessment:

  • Identify the goals of the needs assessment
  • Form and establish a needs assessment team to solicit citizens and community involvement and develop a plan of action
  • Determine the community to be assessed and list important issues to be addressed
  • Identify the population to be surveyed and select a random sample of persons to survey
  • Determine the information needed
  • Conduct a review of past and current programs and activities
  • Select a community needs assessment tool
  • Identify existing community resources
• • Develop and pretest a questionnaire
  • Gather and collect key information from and about the target audience
  • Synthesize and analyze all assembled data
  • Implement the assessment using the selected tool and analyze the data and results
  • Prepare a report detailing the results and use the report to determine appropriate community intervention or program
  • Report the results
  • Identify solutions and growth opportunities
  • Generate and communicate your developed community program
• • Delphi Technique Approach - Uses a series of questionnaires to summarize feedback from responses
  • Survey Approach - Collection of data and information through questionnaires or interviews from a community Data gathered through sampling procedures
• Community Needs Assessment Approach:

  • Key Informant Approach - Uses key persons in collecting data through questionnaires or interviews. Data collected are organized to understand the community needs
• Guides in Assessing Community Needs:

  • Assess the problems of the community by prioritizing them through survey instruments
  • Formulate and design a survey instrument that fits the issues of concern in the community
  • Tabulate data gathered from surveys and interviews to identify issues of concern
  • Assess available resources and limitations of outreach programs
  • Formulate an "Action Plan" for prioritized outreach programs to be conducted in the community