sex and gender

• What does sex refer to in the context of gender?

  Biological makeup of the individual
• How does gender differ from sex?

  Gender relates to social and physical characteristics
• What are sex role stereotypes and how are they taught?

  • Taught from an early age
  • Females seen as gentle and cooperative
  • Males seen as aggressive and competitive
• Who conducted research showing mothers treat male and female babies differently?

  Smith and Lloyd
• What did Smith and Lloyd find about mothers' interactions with babies?

  Mothers encouraged different activities based on gender
• What does the research by Smith and Lloyd suggest about sex role stereotypes?

  They are instilled from an early age
• What are the evaluations of sex role stereotypes?

  • Lack temporal validity
  • Cultural differences exist
  • Negative impacts on individuals
• Why is there a lack of temporal validity in sex role stereotype studies?

  Society has become more aware of stereotypes
• How do cultural differences affect sex role stereotypes?

  Behaviors seen as appropriate vary by culture
• What negative impacts can sex role stereotypes have on individuals?

  They can create barriers for non-stereotypical individuals
• What does androgyny involve?

  Having both male and female characteristics
• What is the purpose of Bem's Sex Role Inventory (BSRI)?

  To measure androgyny using a scale
• What does the BSRI consist of?

  • 60 items on a 7-point scale
  • 20 items for stereotypically feminine traits
  • 20 items for stereotypically male traits
  • Scores for masculinity and femininity
• What did Bem find regarding androgyny in males and females?

  34% of males and 27% of females were androgynous
• What correlation did Prakash find regarding androgyny and psychological health?

  Positive correlation between androgyny and health
• What are the evaluations of the BSRI?

  • Quantitative vs qualitative data
  • High validity and reliability
  • Subjective interpretations of traits
• What is a limitation of the BSRI regarding temporal validity?

  It was developed years ago, behaviors have changed
• Why is the BSRI considered subjective?

  People's interpretations of traits vary widely
• What does androgyny refer to in psychology?

  A balance of masculine and feminine traits
• Who proposed the concept of psychological androgyny?

  Sandra Bem
• What is the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI)?

  A self-report questionnaire measuring gender traits
• How many traits does the BSRI comprise?

  60 traits
• What scale do participants use to rate themselves on the BSRI?

  A 7-point Likert scale
• What does a high score on both masculine and feminine traits indicate?

  The individual is androgynous
• How does androgyny contribute to psychological well-being?

  It allows greater behavioral flexibility
• What are the practical applications of androgyny in society?

  • Encourages flexibility in gender roles
  • Promotes balanced development in children
  • Aligns with egalitarian societal values
  • Relevant in mental health contexts
• What is a limitation of the BSRI regarding cultural bias?

  It reflects Western notions of gender traits
• Why does the BSRI lack temporal validity?

  Gender traits may have changed since the 1970s
• How does cultural relativity affect the perception of androgyny?

  Androgyny may be praised in individualistic cultures