role of chromosomes and hormones

• What chromosomes do females have?

  XX chromosomes
• What chromosomes do males have?

  XY chromosomes
• What determines the sex of the child?

  SRY gene present on the Y chromosome
• What role does testosterone play in male development?

  Controls development of male sex organs
• What can happen if a genetic female produces high levels of testosterone during fetal development?

  Male sex organs may develop
• What is the primary function of oestrogen?

  Determines female sexual characteristics
• What psychological effects can oestrogen have during the menstrual cycle?

  Heightened emotionality and irrationality
• What is the primary role of oxytocin in women?

  Stimulates lactation for breastfeeding
• How does oxytocin affect stress levels?

  Reduces release of cortisol, the stress hormone
• What significant case study supports the role of chromosomes in gender development?

  David Reimer case study
• What did David Reimer's case suggest about gender development?

  Chromosomes are a powerful influence
• What is a limitation of the David Reimer case study?

  Results are not generalizable to the population
• What genetic condition affects females and is caused by the absence of one X chromosome?

  Turner’s Syndrome
• What are some physical characteristics of Turner’s Syndrome?

  Absence of menstrual cycle and ovaries
• What are some psychological characteristics of Turner’s Syndrome?

  Higher reading ability, lower spatial memory
• What did Prince's longitudinal study find about females with Turner’s Syndrome?

  They tend to have a shorter life span
• What did MRI scans reveal about females with Turner’s Syndrome?

  Smaller posterior cerebral and cerebellar areas
• What genetic condition affects males and is caused by an extra X chromosome?

  Klinefelter's Syndrome
• What are some physical characteristics of Klinefelter's Syndrome?

  Reduced body hair and breast development
• What are some psychological characteristics of Klinefelter's Syndrome?

  Poorly developed language skills and shyness
• What did Simpson find regarding treatment for Klinefelter's Syndrome?

  Testosterone therapy improved language skills
• What did Swerdlow's research find about mortality in men with Klinefelter's Syndrome?

  Higher mortality rate than non-KS patients
• What are the evaluations of research into atypical sex chromosome patterns?

  • Contributes to nature vs nurture debate
  • Environmental and social influences matter
  • Therapy development improves patient quality of life
  • Ethical sensitivity in research
• How do females with Turner’s Syndrome experience social treatment?

  They may be treated as more immature
• What does the research suggest about females with Turner’s Syndrome and verbal ability?

  They have higher verbal ability than typical females
• What is the significance of early diagnosis in chromosomal disorders?

  Improves quality of life through positive outcomes
• What do research findings suggest about awareness of chromosomal disorders?

  Awareness can help treat individuals effectively
• What ethical considerations are important in research on Turner’s Syndrome and Klinefelter's Syndrome?

  Need for sensitivity regarding patients' conditions
• What diseases are KS patients more likely to get?

  Nervous, respiratory diseases, and diabetes
• What does research into atypical sex chromosome patterns contribute to?

  • Nature vs nurture debate
  • Environmental and social influences
  • Therapy development for chromosomal disorders
  • Ethical sensitivity regarding awareness of conditions
• How are females with Turner Syndrome (TS) often perceived?

  As more immature due to height
• What does comparing KS or TS individuals to typical individuals help understand?

  The nature of gender
• What is a significant finding about TS females' verbal ability?

  They have a higher verbal ability than typical females
• How can early diagnosis improve the quality of life for patients?

  Through positive outcomes from therapy
• What is a potential issue with not being aware of having TS or KS?

  It may lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy
• What chromosomes typically determine biological sex?

  Females have XX, males have XY
• What role does the SRY gene play in male development?

  It triggers the formation of testes
• What hormone is primarily associated with male development?

  Testosterone
• What are some behaviors associated with testosterone?

  Aggression and spatial ability
• What does oestrogen contribute to in females?

  Emotional sensitivity and reproductive functions