the influence of media and culture on gender

• What did Furnham and Farragher find in their study of TV adverts?

  Men shown in professional roles, women in domestic roles
• What was the purpose of the Notel study in British Columbia?

  • To examine the effect of new media on gender roles
  • Surveys conducted before and after TV introduction
  • Observed changes in children's gender stereotypical attitudes
• What did Williams find regarding gender stereotypical attitudes after introducing TV?

  Attitudes became more stereotypical among children
• Why is it difficult to establish cause and effect in media influence on gender roles?

  Research is often correlational with third variables
• How can counter stereotypes in media influence gender roles?

  They can challenge traditional masculine and feminine roles
• What role do culture and media play in shaping gender roles?

  They provide models of gender-appropriate behaviour
• How do gender roles vary across different cultures?

  They indicate that gender roles are not biologically determined
• What does the presence of fluid gender roles in some societies suggest?

  Nurture contributes to gender development
• How does media reinforce traditional gender stereotypes?

  By portraying men as assertive and women as passive
• What is the typical portrayal of men in media?

  Independent, assertive, and problem-solvers
• What is the typical portrayal of women in media?

  Passive, emotional, or caring
• Why are children particularly vulnerable to media influences?

  Due to their reliance on observational learning
• What does social learning theory explain about media influence?

  It explains influence through vicarious reinforcement
• What do cross-cultural studies demonstrate about gender roles?

  They show that gender roles differ across societies
• What is the aim of cross-cultural studies in relation to gender roles?

  To separate biological influences from cultural learning
• What did Bussey and Bandura (1999) find about children and gender roles?

  Children felt bad for gender-inappropriate behaviour
• What did Furnham and Farragher (2000) discover about men and women in adverts?

  Men were shown in autonomous roles, women in domestic settings
• What is a limitation of media's role in gender role development?

  Media may amplify pre-existing gender beliefs
• What challenge exists in determining media's impact on gender roles?

  It can be difficult to establish cause and effect
• What did Mead's research in New Guinea suggest about gender roles?

  Gender roles differ across tribes
• What criticism did Freeman (1983) raise about Mead's research?

  Mead may have been misled or biased
• What does an interactionist approach to gender roles suggest?

  It combines biological and environmental factors
• What biological component is linked to male gender roles?

  Hormonal influences like testosterone
• What universal pattern is observed in boys regarding aggression?

  Boys tend to be more physically aggressive
• Why is an interactionist perspective important in understanding gender roles?

  It provides a complete understanding of gender development