lesson 2

• Reality refers to the state of existence of things independent of human consciousness
• Philosophers believe in the existence of an "objective and absolute" reality
• Man has the ability to sense and perceive reality
• Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions regarding reality
• Ontology focuses on the classification of existing things
• Certainty refers to perfect knowledge that is free from error or doubt
• Truth is the central concept in the question of certainty
• Rationalism is a theory on knowledge that believes knowledge is a priori knowledge or based on pure reasoning without the benefit of any experience
• Empiricism is a posteriori knowledge
• Skepticism believes all knowledge is uncertain
• Epistemology addresses the question of how we know what we know
• Question of Causality focuses on the causes of events and phenomena
• Determinism is an important perspective regarding causality and agency
• Ethics deals with the standards of right and wrong
• Moral Philosophy seeks to apply and analyze ethical concepts in various situations, contexts, and cultures
• Philosophers use systematic doubt to analyze ideas, events, or things
• Philosophers engage in argument and debate on their ideas
• Philosophers use dialectic to analyze varied ideas and perspectives
• Philosophers employ the Socratic Method to analyze a topic by formulating a series of questions
• Axioms are assumptions taken for granted in philosophical discussions
• Occam's Razor states that among possible explanations, the one with the least assumptions is the most acceptable
• Formal logic is a systematic analysis of the validity of arguments and statements
• Allegories are imagined scenarios used to illustrate a certain problem or describe a theory
• Philosophy requires analysis and interpretation of concepts, definitions, arguments, and problems
• Problem-solving and decision-making are important aspects in life that can benefit from knowledge of Philosophy
• Philosophy contributes to self-development and attaining wisdom
• Knowledge of Philosophy can contribute to self-development