MAPEH

• Romantic Period stressed emotion, imagination, individualism, and freedom of expression
• Characteristics of the Romantic Period:

  • Use of extreme expressions and emotions
  • Freedom in composing
  • Expansion of the orchestra
• Nationalism in music involved using materials from the history of the composer's native country to highlight their culture
• Themes in Romantic music include love, nature, religion, and nationalism
• Exoticism in music incorporated influences from foreign lands in compositions
• Harmony and Melody in the Romantic Period:

  • Lyrical, poetic, emotional, and expressive
  • Chromatic
• Rhythm and Tempo in the Romantic Period:

  • Compound rhythm
  • Free rhythm
  • Extensive use of accelerandos and ritardandos
  • Rubato or subtle rhythmic manipulation and nuance became popular
• Dynamics in the Romantic Period:

  • Frequent use of crescendos and decrescendos
  • Extreme use of ff (very loud) to ffff (as loudly as possible) and pp (very soft) to pppp (as softly as possible)
• Texture in the Romantic Period:

  • Diverse mood and emotions
  • Enlargement of orchestra to a richer tone color
• Vocal Forms in the Romantic Period:

  • Art Song: a composition for a solo voice or piano that places great importance on the written text or symbolic meaning of the text
  • Symphonic Poem: an orchestral piece that portrays a story or has a literary or artistic background
• Instrumental Music in the Romantic Period:

  • Piano: invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori, capable of producing both soft and loud sounds unlike harpsichord and organ
  • String Instruments: classical instruments were still used, grew in number to balance the sound from other groups of instruments
  • Woodwind Instruments: composers added the flute, clarinet, oboe, English horn, and piccolo
  • Brass and Percussion Instruments: gongs, bass drum, and snare drums were added, timpani is always used in the orchestra
• Program Music in the Romantic Period:

  • Unique feature of instrumental forms
  • Conveys images or scenes, music that tells a short story without text or lyrics and imaginative ideas
• • Hector Berlioz: French Romantic composer, known for works like "Symphonie Fantastique"
  • Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky: known for ballet music and works like "Swan Lake" and "1812 Overture"
  • Camille Saint-Saens: composer of elegant and polished music, known for works like "Carnival of the Animals" and "Danse Macabre"
• Famous Composers of the Romantic Period:

  • Niccolo Paganini: famous violin virtuoso, known for works like "La Campanella" and "The Carnival of Venice"
  • Frederic Chopin: "Poet of the Piano," known for compositions exclusively for piano like "Fantaisie in F minor" and "Revolutionary Etude"
  • Franz Liszt: virtuoso pianist and composer, known for works like "Grand Etudes after Paganini" and "Hungarian Rhapsodies"
  • Robert Schumann: composer who worked intensively between music and words, known for works like "Carnaval" and "Kreisleriana"