Challenges of an Urbanising world

• what is urbanisation?

  the growth in the proportion of a country's population living in urban areas
• how many percentage of the earth's population live in urban areas?

  50%
• what is a megacity?

  an urban area with over 10 million people living there
• how many megacities were were there in 1950 and what are they?

  2 and they are Tokyo and New York
• how many megacities were there in 2014?

  28
• by how much was the number of megacities predicted to rise by 2030?

  by 41
• where are megacities mostly found in?

  asia
• what is urban primacy?

  when on city dominates the country it is in. They cities have a much larger population than other cities in the country.
• how does urban primacy influence a country economically? (3 ways)

  - investment - businesses often locate there, attracting investment and infrastructure.

  - migration - there are lots of jobs so people move there to find work. Highly skilled workers are attracted by better opportunities

  - transport - international ports and airports are often located there, encouraging further investment and migration
• how does urban primacy influence a country politically?

  Centralisation - government ands and headquarters of large, powerful businesses are often located here. This can mean that decisions about development favour the city rather than the rest of the country
• what is national migration?

  when people move to a city in the same country.
• what is international migration?

  when people move from a country to a different country
• what are some push factors for migration?

  - shortage of jobs or low wages

  - poor standard of living

  - poor healthcare and education

  - war or conflict

  - natural disasters like earthquakes or flood

  -poor environment due to pollution or crime
• what are some pull factors for migration?

  - more employment opportunities and higher wages

  - better standard of standard

  - better health care and education

  - a safe place with little crime or risk of natural disasters

  - a cleaner environment
• how can economic change lead to migration in developing countries? (why are they growing?)

  1) rural areas are very poor - improvements in agriculture = fewer farm workers needed = national migration to cities to seek better jobs. There are lots of opportunities in the informal sector for low skilled migrants from rural areas.

  2) some cities have good transport = trade is focused there = provides lots of jobs

  3) some cities are attracting foreign companies and manufacturing industry is expanding
• how can economic change lead to migration in emerging countries? (why are they growing?)

  - some cities have become industrial centres (there are lots of manufacturing jobs). Other cities have become a rapidly expanding sector. e.g people move to the cities to work in the new industries and in services supporting the industry

  
  

  - as countries get wealthier they are investing in flapship projects e.g sport stadiums for international events = attracts foreign investments = creates more jobs = attracts more workers
• how can economic change lead to migration in developed countries? (why are they growing?)

  - deindustrialisation has led to the decline of industrial areas = people have moved away to find work elsewhere. Some cities are still declining

  - a lot of low paid workers, e.g cleaners are attracted to more successful cities in they are leaving
• what is formal employment?

  this is an official economy and meets legal standards legal standards for accounts, taxes, workers' pay and conditions
• what is informal economy?


  an official and unregulated economy, where no records are kept. People in the informal economy ,where no records are kept. People in the informal economy have no contacts or employment rights
• what are the four different economy sectors?

  - primary - collecting raw materials e.g farming and fishing

  - secondary - turning a product into another product e.g manufacturing, making cars

  - tertiary - providing service e.g financial service, nursing and transport workers

  - quaternary - information economy, e.g machine biologist
• where are most workers employed in in the developing countries? (informal or formal)

  informal sector
• where are most workers employed in in the emerging countries? (informal or formal)

  number of workers in the informal sector decreases as the country develops
• where are most workers employed in in the developing countries? (informal or formal)

  few workers in the informal sector
• how are the economic sectors distributed in developing countries?

  - lots of people work in low skilled tertiary sectors jobs

  - few people work in secondary because there's not enough money to invest in the technology needed for this type of industry

  - a small percentage of people work in the high skilled tertiary jobs e.g IT
• how are the economic sectors distributed in emerging countries?

  - employment isn secondary sector is high. There are established industrial zones and good infrastructure.

  - they are lots of low skilled tertiary jobs e.g tourism

  - as the industrial economy grows people have more money to spend on services, jobs are created in higher skilled jobs in the tertiary sector e.g medicine and law
• how are the economic sectors distributed in developed countries?

  - fewer people work in the secondary sector than in emerging countries

  - most people work in the tertiary sectors because there's a skilled education workforce, and there's a high demand for services like bank and shops.

  - there's some employment in the quaternary sector= because the country has lots of high level skilled labour and has money to invest in the technology needed
• how are conditions like in developing countries in jobs?

  - conditions are poor. Pay is low, hours are long and conditions can be dangerous
• how are conditions like in emerging countries in jobs?

  - conditions improve and workers' rights increase
• how are conditions like in developed countries in jobs?

  - conditions are good. Pay is high, workers have many rights protected law
• give an 2 advantage of formal economy?


  - there are rules about how many hours people can work, the age of the workers and health and safety.

  - workers pay taxes to the government out of the wages they earn
• give an 2 disadvantage of informal economy?

  people work in dangerous environment and have little may
• what are the stages of development?

  Regeneration - Counter urbanisation - De-industrialisation - Suburbanisation - Urbanisation
• what happens in the regeneration stage of development?

  - to attract people and businesses back to the city centre, governments and counter-urbanisation (gentrification)

  - once re-urbanisation has started it tends to continue - as soon as few businesses to invest

  - young, single people often want to live close to work in areas with good entertainment services (studentification)
• What happens in the counter- urbanisation stage of development?

  - people think they'll have higher quality of life in rural areas and house prices are often lower.

  - increased car ownership and improved public transport = people can live further from the city and commute to work

  - improved communication serves = easier for people to live in rural areas and work from home = some companies no longer need to be in a city centre and can move to rural areas where land is cheaper.