Animal nutrition

• WHAT IS A BALANCED DIET?

  A balanced diet is a diet that contains the correct proportion of nutrients that the body requires to function correctly
• WHICH GROUP OF PEOPLE REQUIRE THE MOST CALORIES?

  Adolescent males with active lifestyles
• WHY DO PREGNENANT WOMAN REQUIRE HIGHER CALORIE INTAKE?

  They need mor energy to support the development of the child. Their diet also needs to be balanced to provide the correct nutrients.
• WHAT IS CONSTIPATION CAUSED BY?

  A lack of dietary fibre
• WHAT IS STARVATION ?


  Suffering or death that is caused by not eating enough food.
• WHAT IS CONSTIPATION?

  Infrequent movement of bowel movements causing difficulty in passing faeces.
• WHAT IS SCURVY CAUSED BY?

  A lack of vitamen C
• 3 SOURCES OF CARBOHYDRATES?

  • pasta
  • bread
  • potato
• 3 SOURCES OF FAT?

  • oily fish
  • full-fat dairy
  • nuts
• 3 SOURCES OF PROTIEN

  • meat
  • fish
  • nuts
• 2 SOURCES OF VITAMIN D?

  • oily fish
  • eggs
• 2 SOURCES OF IRON IN THE DIET ?

  • brown meat
  • rice
• 2 SOURCES OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET

  • milk
  • cheese
• 2 GROUPS OF DIETARY FIBRE?

  • insoluble
  • soluble
• SOURCES OF SOLUBLE FIBRE?

  • oats
  • fruits
• SOURCES OF INSOLUBLE FIBRE

  • wholewheat bread
  • nuts
• CAUSES OF VITAMIN D DEFECIENCY ?

  • lack of sunlight
  • lack of oily fish, egg yolks etc.
• EFFECT OF LACK OF VITAMIN D

  Causes rickets in childern leading to weak bones
• SYMPTOMS OF RICKETS

  bow shaped legs

  pigeon chest

  soft & brittle bones
• SOURCES OF VITAMIN C?

  citrus fruits

  amla
• SOURCES OF VITAMIN B

  green, leafy veggies

  rice, pulses

  liver
• SOURCES OF VITAMIN A

  carrots

  green veggies

  liver
• EFFECT OF LACK OF VITAMIN A

  night blindness
• EFFECT OF LACK OF VITAMIN B?

  ANEMIA

  BERI-BERI
• SYMPTOMS OF ANEMIA & BERI-BERI

  anemia -

  paleness of skin

  discoloration of nails

  
  

  beri beri-

  discoloration of skin with patches
• SYMPTOMS OF SCURVY

  loosening of teeth

  bleeding gums
• WHAT IS KWASHIORKOR?

  deficiency of protein, usually happens from 1-5 years
• SYMPTOMS OF KWASHIORKOR?

  • pot shaped belly
  • thin arms and legs
  • discoloration of hair - lack of keratin
  • mental retardation
  • stunted growth
• WHAT IS MARASMUS?

  deficiency of carbohydrates and proteins, usually happens in under 1 year olds
• SYMPTOMS OF MARASMUS

  • loss of muscles from arms & legs
  • ribcage petruding from chest
  • discoloration of hair
  • mental retardation

  (cannot be cured)
• WHAT IS DIGESTION?

  The process of breaking down molecules of food into smaller molecules
• WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF DIGESTION? DEFINITION OF EACH?

  CHEMICAL - done by enzymes where large insoluble molecules are broken into small water soluble particles.

  MECHANICAL - teeth help in mechanical digestion of food by making food into small pieces without altering it chemically
• WHAT ARE THE 4 TYPES OF TEETH? WHAT ARE THIER FUNCTIONS?

  • incisors-  chisel-shaped for biting and cutting
  • canines - pointed for tearing, holding and biting
  • pre-molar -  larger, flat surfaces with ridges at the edges for chewing and grinding up food
  • molars -  larger, flat surfaces with ridges at the edges for chewing and grinding up food
• LABEL THE PARTS OF THE TEETH

  PARTS GIVEN

  A)

  B)

  C)

  D)

  E)

  F)

  G)

  H)

  
• FUNCTIONS OF THE PARTS

  crown - anatomical area

  root- extends into the bone and holds the tooth in place

  pulp - located at center, fully living made up of blood vessels

  enamel - one of the major tissues that protects the dental pulp

  dentin - middle layer, surrounds tooth pulp

  cementum- outer line below gum, partially living and non living
• HOW TO PREVENT TOOTH DECAY?

  avoid food with high sugar content

  using toothpaste and drinking water contained with flourine

  regular effective brushing to prevent plague build up
• ALIMENTARY CANAL PATHWAY

  1. INGESTION - process of intake of food
  2. DIGESTION - large molecules made into small molecules
  3. ABSORPTION - molecules of food absorbed by blood and other parts
  4. ASSIMILATION - broken down food absorbed by cells
  5. EGESTION - undigested food removed from body, in the form of roughage or faeces .
  6. PERISTALSIS- rhythmic contractions of muscles in alimentary canal.
• DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES

  IN MOUTH : teeth breaks down large molecules of food into smaller molecules. ( M.D)

  Salivary glands secrete amalyse enzymes which break down STARCH into MALTOSE. ( C.D)

  INTESTINES : pancreas secrete maltase enzymes which break 1 maltose into 2 glucose. ( C.D)
• DIGESTION OF PROTEINS

  IN MOUTH: only mechanical no chemical digestion

  STOMACH : protease and pepsin help in chemical digestion to break it into amino acids
• DIGESTION OF FAT

  IN MOUTH : small amount digested with salivary lipase

  SMALL INTESTINE : in duodenum, remaining fat broken by lipase into glycerol and fatty acids.