2nd

• Eckert (2006) established 4 orientations with opposing worldviews:
• Orientation to Group:

  • Individualism prioritizes individual's needs and rights over the group
  • Collectivism focuses on the group and aims to achieve common good
• Orientation to Time:

  • Clock-oriented activities are time-bound and focus on punctuality and organization
  • Event-oriented time is abstract and flexible, where the event is more important than time
• Orientation to Power and Authority:

  • Hierarchical Culture emphasizes social classes, titles, and positions
  • Egalitarian Culture focuses on equality and opportunities for all
• Orientation to Gender:

  • Masculine traits include decision-making, wage-earning, and ambition
  • Feminine traits involve enabling and nurturing relationships, powered under egalitarian culture
• Register:

  • Level of formality in speech
• 5 Types of Register:

  • Frozen register is the most formal and static, remains the same over time
  • Formal register focuses on formats and language rules, no use of slangs
  • Consultative register is informal and used for consultations with a certain level of formality
  • Casual register is informal, relaxed, and allows the use of slang
  • Intimate register is for exchanges between close relationships like lovers or parent-child