WRE

• Water is a single, limited, and non-renewable resource that is essential for life.
• 97.5% of water in the world is saltwater and 2.5% is freshwater.
• The different sectors for competing demand in water are: Agriculture, Industry, and Domestic.
• Challenges in water resources management: lack of infrastructure and financial resources, degrading water quality, climate change, and urbanization.
• Renewable water resources are computed on the basis of the water cycle.
• Millennium Development Goals are a set of eight global development targets led by United Nations which ended in 2015.
• Sustainable Development Goals address in balanced way all three dimensions of sustainable development economic, social and environment.
• The Dublin Principles are principles that highlight the importance of water as a resource for environmental protection and human development.
• Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment. Principle 1.
• Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy makers at all levels. Principle 2.
• Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water. Therefore, water has an important role in advancing gender equality and empowering women. Principle 3.
• Economic and productive activities in agriculture, industry and energy production strongly depend on water availability. Water use must be efficient and equitable between sectors. Principle 4.
• Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
• The economists view sustainable economic development involves maximizing the net benefit of economic development, subject to maintaining the services and quality of natural resources over time.
• The ecologists view sustainability is the ability to maintain productivity, whether as a field, farm or nation, in the face to stress or shock.
• The sociologist view on sustainable development that discuss the underlying global economic and political factors which encourage environmental degradation need to be addressed, and a global redistribution of wealth has to occur. Only then can sustainable development on a global scale become a realistic one.Sustainable Development.
• For hydrologists, the management and use of water that supports society and its well being into the indefinite future without degrading the integrity of the hydrological cycle or the ecological systems that depend on it.
• Economic sustainability is the ability of a business to continue to operate profitably in the long term.
• Social Sustainability is the ability of a society to maintain its social and economic well-being over time.
• Environmental Sustainability is the ability of an ecosystem to maintain its biological diversity and natural resources for future generations.
• With the increase in population, demands for water resources also increases.
• Anthropogenic activities contributes to the pollution on water bodies.
• Social inequality is the unequal distribution of resources between developing and developed countries.
• Agenda 21 is a program run by the United Nations (UN) related to sustainable development and was the planet's first summit to discuss global warming related issues.
• A system is a collection of parts which interact with each other to function as a whole. It has input, stimulus and output.
• According to Dooge in 1973, A system may be defined as any structure, device, scheme or procedure, real or abstract, that interrelates in a given time reference, an input, cause or stimulus, of matter, energy or information and an output, effect or response, of information, energy, or matter.
• A physical water resources system is a collection of various elements that interact in a logical manner and are designed in response to various social needs in the development and improvement of existing water resources for the benefit of human use.
• the natural subsystem of streams, rivers, lakes and their embankments and bottoms, and the groundwater aquifer are called Natural Resources System.
• Socio-economic systems are systems with water using and water related human activities.
• Administrative and Institutional Systems are the system of administration, legislation and regulation, including the authorities responsible for managing and implementing laws and regulations.
• System approach is a way of looking at a system as a whole, focusing on the relationships between the elements.
• Systems approach is especially useful when a project becomes so large that it cannot be considered as a unit , necessitating its decomposition.
• The controlled and partially controllable inputs are called decision variables.
• The transformation of the system due to both decision variables anduncontrollable inputs are described by a set of variables called state variables
• the system response behavior (rate of change of state variables due to variable inputs) is characterized by system parameters.
• In a system analysis, the following must be noted: objective function, decision variables, state variables, system parameters, and constraints.