Gen Bio 2 - Organismal Biology

• Moves air into and out of lungs; controls gas exchange between blood and lungs

  Respiratory System
• Lungs, nose, mouth, and trachea

  Respiratory System
• The process of using the entire outer skin to exchange gases

  Body Surface (Integumentary Exchange)
• Insects, amphibians, fish, sea snakes, turtles

  Body Surface (Integumentary Exchange)
• They ventilate by waving the _____ back and forth through the water

  Gills
• Pony plate that covers gills

  Opperculum
• (1st step in gas exchange in animals and humans) Act of taking air in (O2) an out (CO2) of the lungs.


  Breathing
• (2nd step in gas exchange in animals and humans) Must be transported by the circulatory system

  Transport of gases
• (3rd step in gas exchange in animals and humans)

  Exchange of gas in cells
• Major Types of Gas Exchange Systems in Animals

  1. Body Surface (Integumentary Exchange)
  2. Gills
  3. Trachea and Lungs
• Muscular tube in upper throat


  Pharynx
• Directs air down the respiratory path


  Epiglottis
• Connects the larynx to the lungs


  Trachea
• Left and right bronchi; Have tiny tubes called bronchioles; End of bronchioles are alveoli

  Lungs
• Transports nutrients, gases, ions, hormones, and wastes

  Circulatory System
• Heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph nodes and vessels,and lymph


  Circulatory System
• Two Basic Types of Circulatory System:

  1. Open Circulatory System
  2. Closed Circulatory System
• Invertebrates


  Open Circulatory System
• Fluid is transported among the cells with no distinction between the blood and interstitial fluid

  Open Circulatory System
• Invertebrates and vertebrates

  Closed Circulatory System
• blood is pumped by a heart through vessels, and does not normally fill body cavities


  Closed Circulatory System
• Carry blood from the capillaries back towards the heart


  Veins
• Carry blood away from the heart?


  Arteries
• Arterioles (smaller arteries)
• Where the exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues


  Capillaries
• It is a collection of fluid cells by which oxygen and nutrients reach the body’s cells and waste materials are carried away

  Blood
• It fights microorganisms


  Blood
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
• White blood cells (leukocytes)
• Platelets (thrombocytes)
• Components of Blood:

  1. Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  2. White blood cells (leukocytes)
  3. Platelets (thrombocytes)
  4. Plasma
• Defends against pathogens and diseases


  Immune System
• White blood cells, lymph nodes and vessels, and skin


  Immune System
• Subsystems of Immune System:

  1. Innate Immune System (1st and 2nd Line of Defense)
  2. Adaptive Immune System (Third Line of Defense)
• We were born with several defense mechanisms whichare said to be nonspecific in aiming pathogens


  Innate Immune system (Nonspecific)
• We were born with several defense mechanisms thatare said to be specific in aiming against pathogens


  Adaptive Immune System (Specific)
• First Line of Defense

  These are holes in our body:

  • Skin
  • Eyes
  • Mouth
  • Nose
  • Ears
  • Vagina
  • Anus
• Second Line of Defense

  • Lymphatic system
  • White Blood Cells
  • Macrophages
  • Natural Killer Cells
  • Dendritic cells
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Mast cells
• Network of vessels and other issues, including the tonsils, spleen, and thymus, that maintain fluid balance and fight against infection by supplying disease-fighting cells and lymphocytes


  Lymphatic system
• Large; ingest microorganisms through phagocytosis


  Microphages