PURPOSIVE COM.

• Listening is a dynamic process. It means attentiveness and interest perceptible in the posture as well as expressions.
• Listening implies decoding and interpreting the messages correctly in the communication process.
• hearing implies just perceiving the sounds
• Listening is an active process, while hearing is a passive activity.
• Effective Listening is the process of analyzing sounds, organizing them into recognizable patterns and understanding the message by inferring the meaning
• 85% of what we have learned is through listening
• Active listening process is a way of listening and responding to another person that improves mutual understanding.
• Hearing, the first essential step. It relates to the sensory perception of sound.
• Filtering involves sensing and filtering of heard sounds
• The filtering process is subjective and a person chooses to retain what makes sense to him.
• Comprehending happens when the listener understands what the speaker has tried to convey.
• Remembering refers to the assimilated message that is stored in memory to facilitate future recall.
• Responding show that the message is being received and comprehend
• Discriminative listening involves identifying the difference between various sound. It enables to differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar language
• Comprehension listening involves attaching meaning to what is being listened.
• Evaluative Listening Involves evaluating and analyzing the message being received
• Attentive Listening involves paying attention to the words that are being spoken
• Pretence Listening involves more hearing than listening. It means pretending through facial expressions that one is listening when actually one is not.
• Selective Listening involves selecting the desired part of the message and ignoring the undesired part of the message.
• Intuitive Listening means listening through the intuitive mind by silencing the other forms of internal dialogues going simultaneusly
• Four Macroskills:

  1. Listening
  2. Speaking
  3. Reading
  4. Writing
• Objectives of Listening are to learn, to increase one's understanding, to advise or counsel, and to relieve one's boredom(entertainment).
• When you talk, you are only repeating what you already know. But if you listen, you may learn something new. Dalai lama
• 'We have two ears and one mouth so that we can listen twice as much as we speak. ' This quote is attributed to Epictetus
• The art of Communication lies in listening. - Malcolm Forbes
• Linguists agree that language can only be called language if it has a system of rules (grammar), a sound system (phonology), and a vocabulary (lexicon)
• language is a structured system of communication that uses symbols, such as words, to convey meaning.
• Language can be verbal written, or gestural, enabling individuals to express thoughts, share information, and interact with others.
• When people use language, they can understand each other because they belong to the same speech community.
• people acquire the languages (an unconscious process) used by those in the community. This is the process of language acquisition.
• The languages acquired while growing up are known as mother tongues, which may also be referred to as first languages.
• People learn (conscious process) their second languages in school or on their own. This is the process of language learning.
• Language contact occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact with and influence each other.
• languages may also change as you constantly interact and communicate with each other. Thus, language change is the result of language contact.
• Lyons (1970) defined it as "all people who use a given language or dialect." This definition was simple and general, focusing on a language or dialect.
• For Fishman (1971), a speech community is a subtype of community "all of whose members share at least a single speech variety and the norms for its appropriate use." In this definition, he put forward the concept of speech variety and usage norms, which was a significant step forward.
• Hymes (1986) describes a speech community as a group that shares rules for the conduct and interpretation of speech.
•  Gumperz (1986) defines a speech community as a group with regular and frequent interaction characterized by shared interaction and communication patterns.
• Several criteria for identifying a speech community include:

  1. Shared language use

  2. Frequency of interaction by a group of people

  3. Shared rules of speaking and interpretation of speech performance

  4. Shared attitudes and values regarding language forms and use

  5. Shared sociocultural understanding and presuppositions about speech (Saville-Troike)
•  The rules and norms of this speech community show up in a dialect referred to as the vernacular. The language of ordinary people, as opposed to the language of the educated or the nobility.