biology

• The nucleus contains DNA and RNA.
• Reginald Punnett is the creator of the Punnett square, a tool used by biologists to predict the probability of possible genotypes of offspring
• The Law of Segregation states that alleles segregate randomly into gametes
• Gregor Johann Mendel discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance
• Phenotype refers to all the observable characteristics of an organism that result from the interaction of its genotype
• Genotype is the particular combination of alleles
• An allele is an alternative version of a specific gene
• In genetics, a locus is a fixed position on a chromosome
• A gamete is a sex cell that contains half the number of chromosomes as a body cell
• Haploid describes a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes
• A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity, made up of DNA
• Chromosomes are threadlike structures of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes
• DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic acid, encodes an organism's genetic blueprint
• Mutations are changes made to an organism's genetic material
• Point mutations are a large category of mutations that describe a change in a single nucleotide of DNA
• Insertion is when an extra base pair is added to a sequence of bases
• Beta-Thalassemia is a blood disorder that reduces the production of hemoglobin
• Deletion is when an extra base pair is deleted from a sequence
• Cystic Fibrosis is a hereditary disease that affects the lungs and digestive system
• Substitution is when bases are swapped for different ones
• Genetic disorders are caused by abnormalities in the genetic makeup of an individual
• Cri-du-chat syndrome, also known as 5p- syndrome, results when a piece of chromosome 5 is missing
• Down's syndrome, or Trisomy 21, is associated with intellectual disability, a characteristic facial appearance, and weak muscle tone in infancy
• Edwards syndrome, or Trisomy 18, is associated with abnormalities in many parts of the body, slow growth before birth, and a low birth weight
• Patau syndrome, or Trisomy 13, disrupts normal development, causing multiple and complex organ defects
• Jacobsen syndrome is a condition caused by a loss of genetic material from chromosome 11, leading to delayed development
• Klinefelter syndrome results from the presence of one extra copy of the X chromosome in each cell, interfering with male sexual development
• Turner syndrome results when one normal X chromosome is present in a female's cells and the other sex chromosome is missing or structurally altered, affecting development before and after birth
• Diseases caused by fungi

  • Ringworm
  • Psoriasis
  • Yeast infection
• Non-communicable diseases are diseases that cannot be spread from one person to another through physical contact or ex.
• Diseases caused by viruses

  • Chicken pox
  • Polio
  • Measles
  • Hepatitis
  • Influenza
• Diseases caused by bacteria

  • Sore throat
  • Tuberculosis
  • Gonorrhea
  • Pneumonia
• Diseases caused by protists

  • Sleeping sickness
  • Chagas disease
  • Malaria
• Cardiac arrest is caused by blockages in the heart's blood vessels
• Changes in the blood supply to the brain can result in a stroke
• Cancer is the result of abnormal growth and division of cells
• Measles is a viral infection that affects children
• Genetic disorders are caused by abnormalities
• Mutations are changes made
• Sustainable farming and fishing can help improve efficiency of food supply by reducing erosion of soil and using natural compost