History

• Attacking castles- Attack siege tower trebuchet siege ladder longbow & crossbow. Defence Castles built on hills barbicans portcullis murder holes.
• the black death killed around 25 million people in europe between 1347 - 1350
• the black death led to a shortage of labour so wages increased, peasants were able to demand higher pay from their lords as they had more bargaining power
• Stone age - 5000 BC. Hunter gatherers: men who would hunt for food and berries. Farmers. They introduced farming an civilisation.
• Bronze Age - 3000BC. Metal workers made weapons out of bronze. The first cities appeared. People began to trade with other countries.
• Bronze age 2500 BC Bronze: metal used to make tools and weapons. Brought Alcohol jewellery hair pins and woollen clothes worn by rich women. Tamed wild horses and used them.
• Romans - 43 AD. Roads were built. All roads lead to Rome. Gave us words language and law. New food: Chickens, peacocks, Nettles and rabbits. Other: Calendars, coins, glass, paper, and pottery.
• Norman Conquest - 1066AD. William the conqueror defeated Harold Godwinson at Hastings. He became king of England. Norman French was spoken. Feudalism was established. Castles were built. Laws changed.
• Vikings: 739 AD. Came from Scandinavia (Denmark Sweden Norway Finland and Iceland) First attack was in Lindisfarne in 739AD. Attacked Britain for 250 years then settled. In 874 AD Alfred the great defeated them and gave them the kingdom the Danelaw. A Viking became king in 1016 Cnut.
• Celts 500 BC. Farmed the land. wore colourful clothes started a system of law and order.
• Anglo Saxons 400AD. Gave us days of the week. New words better farming. Local leaders became local kings.
• 1066: The issue: Edward the confessor dies with no heir. No one knows who should be king. The contesters: Harald Hardrada. Has no linkage to throne but there was a Viking king before.
• Harold Godwinson: Edwards brother in law eager has location advantage already in England promised throne. William of Normandy: Helped Edward when he was in France. Clamed that he was promised the throne.
• Castles: Motte and baily weakness made out of wood prone to fire.
• Square stone keep: Weakness corners could be mined under easily.

  Concentric castle: weakness uncomfortable.

  Fortified manor houses: Less prone to attacks.
• Fudal system. King

  Barons

  Knights

  pesants
• Doomsday book: 1586, list of people owning land in England because William needed to know how much England was worth for tax. People were sent to ask people what they had.
• Key words:

  Heir: Someone in line for a role.

  Witan: Kings council.

  Fyrd: Farmers who fought for Harold.

  Cavalry: Soldiers on horses.

  Baron: Noble land owner.

  Peasant: Bottom of the feudal system.
• Why William Won. With F.E.L.T.

  Fortune: Winds stopped him in Sumer when Harold was south but landed him in Autumn after Stamford bridge when Harold was north. And Harold Godwinson's Death.

  Energy: Harold needed to march down (took him 2 weeks)from Stamford-Bridge but William was sleeping in the south.

  Leadership: William kept his large army together and he boosted his men's' Morale.

  Tactics: He pretended to die so Saxons Would drop guard and leave Senlac hill. Then Normans came down and attacked
• The Battle of Stamford Bridge was important because it showed that Harold was brave and strong. It also meant that Harald Hardrada couldn't invade England again. However, it weakened Harold's army and left them tired and hungry by the time they got to Senlac Ridge where they lost against William.
• William won at Hastings because he had better weapons than Harold Godwinsson. Harold didn't have enough cavalry or archers. William also had more men with swords and spears which helped them win.
• Harold Godwinsson died at the battle of Hastings. This is why William became king as there wasn't anyone else in line to be king.
• William won at Hastings because he used tactics such as archery and cavalry charges which made the battle last longer than expected. This gave him more time to win. Also, he had better weapons like swords and spears compared to the Anglo-Saxon shields and axes. The Norman knights wore armour too. They also had siege engines like trebuchets and battering rams. Finally, William had more soldiers than Harold did. There were about 7000 Norman soldiers and only around 4000 English ones.
• In 1070, William ordered a census called Domesday Book. This recorded everything about everyone in England including their wealth and property. This allowed William to collect taxes from everyone in England.
• Harold was gulible.
• Key words

  Monarch: King or queen

  Plague: Black death

  Pilgrimage: Religious journey

  Poll tax: When everybody needs to pay the king.

  Scolds bridal: Iron gag for women
• Medicine: 4 humours Hippocrates came up with it. Black bile, Yellow bile< blood and Phlegm. If you were sick these were believed to be out of balance.

  Herbs: Wise women used herbs to put on wounds to sooth them.

  Pilgrameges: The connect to god.

  Praying: To say sorry to gad so he wouldn't make you ill.

  Islam: Better medicine. But were at war with Europeans and their ideas spread slowly around the world.
• Women- Jobs: To look after kids and clean. Scolds bridal: Punishment for gobby women.

  Education: Only came from mothers.

  Trade: During war women learnt a trade and replaced men.

  Elenore of Aquitaine: Rich powerful
• Black Death: Spread across europe from silk road from mongolia on rats. People blamed it on God, Misama (Bad air) and stars. Symptoms: Fever, Buboes under arms, Black spots under skin. Treatments: Bleeding Praying whipping yourself, herbal remides Bursting the buboes, sitting in sewer.
• Peasant revolt: After BD Nobels needed more peasants. Peasants demanded higher wadges. Nobels complained to king. King made statute of labourers. So wadges were how they were before the BD. In 1379 government set out poll tax. 12p per person over the age of 14 to fight war with France. Wat Tyler lead peasant revolt with John Ball. Killed Sudbury. Met with king. King sent them back home and lied about doing what the peasants asked. Had them Killed.
• The Princes in the tower- In 1483 King Edward IV died. Heir 10 year old son Edward. Edward and his younger brother Richard were taken to the towers of London. 2 weeks later they were seen playing then never seen again. Their Uncle Richard was crowned very swiftly after the disappearance as King Richard III.
• Henry VII- 30 years York and Lancaster fight for the crown. In august 1485 at the battle of Bosworth York is defeated.

  Henry's issues and resolutions: York were angry and wanted revenge. Resolution: Married Elizabeth of York. Barons were powerful and Wealthy Resolution: Banned Barons from having private armys. Henry didn't have much money. Resolution: Forced rich to give him money. Bought cannons put them at coast. Threatened France with invasion if they didn't pay him.
• Henry VIII - Why did he want a divorce/annulment?

  Cathrine of Aragon had'nt produced a healthy alive male heir. She could no longer have children. A bible verse said she wass cursed because she was his brothers wife. And quoting Leviticus she would be kidiless. Anne Bolyne would only be in love with Henry if they were married because he had an affair with her sister. Henry was bitter because Anne was fitter. They tried to enlope but the pope said nope. Henry got a promotion, caused a comotion and set in motion the CofE.
• Why did people not like the Catholic church?

  Corruption: Monks and nuns were doing unholy things like Special sleepovers, indulgences: Poor couldn't afford the indulgences to remove sins but rich could. Bible was in Latin poor couldn't even read English. Priests neglected congregation didn't set a good example. Church owned lots of land and peasants had to pay tithes and give 10% of their produced land to church.
• Protestant church

  • English Bible
  • Plain glass
  • Priest facing congregation
  • Plain altar
• Catholic church

  • Crucifixes
  • Painted ceiling
  • Stained glass windows
  • Statues of saints
  • Priest behind screen
  • Fancy Altar
• Lady Jane Grey 


  1553. Was a Protestant. Edward had no heir left it to protestant cousin. Ruled for nine days overthrown by Mary. Beheaded in 1554. No one knew her.
• Tudor women

  Jobs: Fish wives, Make food, care for: Children/House/ Husband/ animals.

  Behaviour: Expected to be seen not heard, obedient & pretty.

  Punishments: Scolds bridal (iron cage to go over women's heads to stop them talking) Plunging stool.

  Property of husbands/dads Obey parents on every matter, illiterate because thought they would waste time on love letters.
• Bloody Mary 1553-1558 - Mary I, Queen of England, who was Catholic and tried to restore Catholicism to England. Burnt 284 Protestants at stake. On the whole not many executions. Married to Philip of Spain
• Edward VI was the last of the Tudor male monarchs and ruled from 1547 to 1553. Made all churches Protestant.