ARTICULAR SYSTEM

• ARTICULATION:

  • Joint is the point of contact or connection between bones, cartilage and bones or teeth and bones
• ARTHROLOGY:

  • Branch of medicine concerned with the study of joints
• KINESIOLOGY:

  • Deals with the study of motion or movement of the human body
• STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION of joints:

  • Fibrous joints lack a joint cavity and have fibrous connective tissue binding articulating bones
  • Cartilaginous joints lack a joint cavity and have cartilage binding articulating bones
  • Synovial joints have a joint cavity and ligaments support articulating bones
• FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION of joints:

  • Synarthroses are immovable joints with articulating bones in close contact, bound by fibrous tissue or cartilage
  • Amphiarthroses are slightly movable joints with articulating bones separated by fibrocartilaginous disc or binding interosseous ligament
  • Diarthroses are freely movable joints enclosed by a fibroelastic joint capsule filled with synovial fluid
• BURSITIS:

  • Inflammation of a bursa associated with a joint, caused by excessive stress or inflammatory processes
• LUXATION (DISLOCATION):

  • Displacement of one bone away from its natural articulation with another, resulting in tearing of ligaments, tendons, and articular capsule
• SPRAIN:

  • Twisting of a joint that stretches or tears its ligaments without dislocating the bone, causing pain and swelling
• STRAIN:

  • Stretched or partially torn muscle due to sudden and forceful contraction
• ARTHRALGIA:

  • Pain in joints
• RHEUMATISM:

  • Painful disorder of supporting structures of the body not associated with infection or injury
• ARTHRITIS:

  • Swollen, stiff, and painful joints, an inflammatory joint disease usually associated with synovial membrane
• TYPES OF ARTHRITIS:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease attacking own tissues, causing inflammation and affecting smaller joints
• STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION

  • based on the presence or absence of space (synovial cavity) between the articulating bones and the type of connective tissue that binds the bones together
• FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

  • based on the degree of movement they allow or permit
• Synarthroses - immovable joints; articulating bones in close contact, binding fibrous tissue or cartilage
• Amphiarthroses - slightly movable joints; articulating bones separated by fibrocartilaginous disc or binding interosseous ligament
• Diarthroses - freely movable joints; permits variety of movements; enclosed by a fibroelastic joint capsule (articular capsule) filled with synovial fluid (synovium) which is secreted by the synovial membrane; the adjoining bones are capped with articular cartilage; certain diarthroses contain cartilaginous pads called menisci and synovial fluid-filled sac called bursae
• Sutures - found only within the skull
• Sutures- characterized by a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue binding the articulating bones
• Synchondroses - cartilaginous joint in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage
• Symphyses - bones are separated at their points of articulation by a pad of fibrocartilage
• Syndesmoses - articulating bones are bound by interosseous ligament
• GLIDING ( arthrodia )

  • flattened or slightly curved articulating surfacesMovement: sliding
• HINGE (ginglymus)

  • concave surface of one bone articulates with convex surfaceof anotherMovement: bending motion in one plane (flexion or extension)
• PIVOT ( trochoid )

  • conical surface of one bone articulates with a depression of another Movement: rotation about a central axis
• Ellipsoidal (condyloid)

  • oval condyle (projection) of one bone articulates with elliptical (oval-shaped) cavity of another

  Movement: biaxial movement (adduction-abduction)
• Saddle (sellaris)

  • concave and convex surface on each articulating bone Movement: wide range of movements (side to side; back and forth)
• Ball and socket (enarthroses)- rounded convex surface of one bone articulates with cuplike socket of another

  Movement: in all planes and rotation
• ARTICULATIONS

  • movements of diarthroses are produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles spanning the joints and attaching to the bones forming the articulations
• ANGULAR - increase or decrease the joint angle in reference to the anatomical position
• flexion - decreasing the angle between two bones
• extension - increasing the angle between two bones
• hyperextension - excessive extension of a body part beyond the 180 degree angle of anatomical position
• dorsiflexion - bending the foot toward the tibia
• plantarflexion - bending the foot away from the tibia
• abduction - movement of a body part away from the axis of the body or away from the midsagittal plane in a lateral direction
• adduction - movement of a body part toward the axis of the body
• Inversion - movement of the sole of the foot inward or medially
• Eversion - movement of the sole of the foot outward or laterally