Elizabethan england

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  • Elizabeth was crowned as queen in 1558 following the death of her sister, Mary I
  • Elizabeth's mother was Anne Boleyn, who was executed in 1536
  • The Act of succesion declared Elizabeth illegitimate to the throne
  • The Great chain of being:
    • God
    • Monarch
    • Nobles
    • Gentry
    • Merchants
    • Yeoman
    • Peasants
    • Inanimate objects
  • The Privy Council advised Elizabeth but did not control her
  • Elizabeth chose a small group of 19 men to minimize conflict between them
  • The council met every day and was the most powerful part of the government hierarchy
  • The Privy Council advised on domestic and foreign issues, including handling challenges and threats, going to war, relations with foreign ambassadors, and enforcing the Religious Settlement
  • Elizabeth's main advisors were:
    • William Cecil: Appointed as Secretary of State in 1558, guided Elizabeth wisely for 40 years, and received the title Lord Burghley in 1571
    • Robert Dudley: Earl of Leicester and a trusted advisor until his death in 1588, rumored to be close to Elizabeth
    • Sir Francis Walsingham: In charge of Elizabeth's secret service and advised on foreign affairs, uncovered the plot leading to Mary, Queen of Scots' execution
  • King Philip of Spain proposed to Elizabeth in 1559, but she cautiously rejected the offer due to religious unsettlement and foreign influence concerns
  • Elizabeth considered marrying Archduke Charles of Austria in 1567, but the match did not happen due to religious differences
  • Marriage negotiations with Francis Duke of Alencon, heir to the French throne, lasted nearly a decade, offering political advantages like influence over French policy in the Netherlands. However, Francis died in 1584, leaving Elizabeth destined to be alone
  • The Northern Earls' Rebellion in 1569:
    • The Catholic Earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland planned to get Mary, Queen of Scots out of imprisonment and on to the throne
    • They gathered an army of 6,000 soldiers to return England to Catholicism
    • Elizabeth sent a huge army to crush the rebellion, putting 800 rebels to death and causing the two Earls to flee to Scotland
  • The Ridolfi Plot in 1571:
    • Roberto Ridolfi planned to assassinate Elizabeth and make Mary Queen
    • Supported by King Philip II of Spain, the Duke of Norfolk, and Mary, Queen of Scots
    • The plot was uncovered by Elizabeth's advisor, Cecil, leading to arrests and executions
  • The Throckmorton Plot in 1583:
    • Francis Throckmorton organised a plan for a French army to invade England and replace Elizabeth with Mary, Queen of Scots
    • Paid for by the Pope and King Philip II of Spain
    • Throckmorton was executed and Mary was moved to Tutbury Castle in isolation
  • The Babington Plot in 1586:
    • Sir Anthony Babington planned to rescue Mary, Queen of Scots from jail and murder Elizabeth
    • Secret letters between the plotters and Mary were discovered, leading to the execution of Mary, Babington, and six other plotters