Gen Bio

• The Respiratory system allows the exchange of gases in the body.
• Inhalation is where the body takes in oxygen
• Exhalation is where the body expels or breathe out carbon dioxide
• In Respiratory system, its two main types are Upper Respiratory tract and Lower Respiratory Tract
• The Upper respiratory tract consist of Nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx
• The lower respiratory tract consist of Larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and lungs
• Nose is the outer part of the Respiratory system which is made of cartilage to make the nose strong and flexible
• The two parts of the nose are nostrils and nasal cavity
• the Cilia filters the dust and other particles present in the air we breathe
• The nasal cavity is where the cilia are lined and its lining is moist because of "mucus"
• The pharynx is also called throat and it is connected to both nose and mouth and act as passage way for both food and air. It also allows breathing even if we pinch our nose.
• Larynx is also called voice box, it is found at the lower end of the pharynx. It produces vibration and sound when you are talking.
• Epiglottis is the covering in the larynx, and let the air flows into the larynx and lungs. When swallowing food, the epiglottis closes to prevent food from entering the larynx.
• Trachea is also called windpipe, it is a tube at the bottom of the larynx. It is lined with mucus that help prevent dust larticles from entering the lungs
• Bronchial tubes or Bronchi are two tubes that carry air into the lungs.
• Bronchioles and alveoli are connected to the bronchial tubes.
• in the alveoli of the lung, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide happen.
• Diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that controls the breathing.
• When we inhale, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward. When we exhale, the diaphragm expands and move upward.
• During inhalation, the chest cavity becomes bigger as the ribs and diaphragm contract. During exhalation, the ribs and diaphragm relax and the chest cavity becomes smaller.
• Integumentary exchange or cutaneous exchange is where gas exchange that occurs in the skin
• Gills are used by fish and other marine species to get oxygen from water.
• Tracheal system are used by insects, air enters through external openings called spiracles
• Common cold is a contagious infection of the respiratory tract and usually the result of viral infection caused by the rhinovirus.
• Influenza is a contagious illness caused by several influenza viruses called myxovirus. It can lead to pneumonia and death.
• The symptoms of influenza are chills, fever, severe headache, muscular pains, runny nose, and general discomfort.

  Treatment is vaccination and antiviral drugs
• Coronavirus-19 (covid-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
• Usual symptoms of covid-19 are fever, dry cough, fatigue (tiredness).

  Less common symptoms of covid-19 are muscle or body pain, headache, sore throat, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, loss of taste (ageusia), or loss of smell (anosmia)

  Warning symptoms of covid-19 are difficulty in breathing, persistent chest pain or pressure, new confusion, inability to wake or stay awake
• Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or even protozoa.
• symptoms of pneumonia are fever, chest pain, fluid in the lungs, and difficulty breathing. one cause of pneumonia is streptococus pneumoniae.

  Treatment is prescribed medications and follow-up care
• Tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, it can be spread through respiratory droplets by coughing, sneezing, or spitting phlegm.
• Extra-pulmonary TB is where the bacteria spread to the different parts of the body.

  Active TB is a bad cough lasting three weeks or longer, discolored or bloody sputum, weight loss, weakness fatigue
• Tuberculosis is a curable disease and its treatment are antibiotics for six months
• The different respiratory disorders are asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer.
• Infectious diseases of the respiratory tract are common cold, influenza, coronaviru-19, pneumonia, and tuberculosis
• Asthma is a chronic allergic condition that makes the breathing airways narrower or swollen, and causes them to increase the production of mucus.
• Symptoms of asthma are difficulty in breathing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing

  Medication is the use of nebulizer with saline solution, bronchodilator, and short term dose of corticosteroid.
• Bronchitis is the inflammation or swelling of the breathing passages
• symptoms of bronchitis are difficulty in breathing and cough with phlegm

  treatment is sufficient rest and drinking enough fluids
• Acute bronchitis occurs when patient nagging a cough for one to three weeks.