Childhood: Language Development and Abnormal Development

• The basic units of sound that can change the meaning of a word is?

  Phonemes
• The basic units of meaning that exist in a word is?

  Morphemes
• The systematic rules for forming sentences are called?

  Syntax
• Understanding the meanings of sentences requires knowing the ____.

  Semantics

  
• How the sounds are produced and the melody of speech because it includes pitch or intonation is known as?

  Prosody
• What is the system of common rules and properties for learning any of the world’s languages called?

  Universal Grammar

  
• The description: Areas of the brain that sift through language, apply universal rules, began tailoring the system to specific of the language spoken in the young childs environment is best fitted with which term? *hint: LAD

  Language Acquisition Device

  
• The description: Poverty of the stimulus, environmental stimulus of language input is too impoverished to support the linguistic output that we see emerge is best fitted with which term?

  Nativists Perspective
• Young children learn native language with ease but struggle later to learn second language. This sentence is associated with which perspective?

  Nativists

  
• The capacity for acquiring language has a ____ basis? hint* nativists perspective

  genetic

  
• How does the environment influence language development?

  Children learn the words they hear spoken by others. They are more likely to start using new words if they are reinforced.
• Which perspective is similar to the view of Piaget and Vygotsky that is associated with the statement "Children’s biologically-based competencies and language environment interact to shape course of language development"?

  Interactionist perspective
• The ability to detect a target word in a stream of speech that is also demonstrated by seven-and-a-half months?

  Word segmentation
• Repeating vowel-like sounds that is demonstarted at six to eight weeks of age?

  Cooing

  
• At three to four months of age the baby will began to produce which type of sound?

  Consonant sounds
• At four to six months of age the baby will begin ___ which is repeating consonant-vowel combinations such as "baba".

  Babbling

  
• At __ months infants begin to use social and linguistic cues to learn words.

  12
• Two people looking at the same thing is called?

  Joint attention
• Where a word is placed in a sentence—to determine the meaning of the word is called?

  Syntactic bootstrapping
• Single word often conveys an entire sentence’s worth of meaning is referred to as?

  Holophrases
• The infant’s first word spoken around one year of age and the first 50 words consist of common nouns representing objects and people. This description is associated with which type of phrases?

  Holophrases
• When a child says "go" to mean "I want to leave now," or "mine" to say "This is my toy and I don't want you to play with it." This is an example of?

  Holophrases
• Occurs at 18 months and involves the pace of word learning to quicken dramatically?

  Vocabulary spurt
• At 20 months, children produce the average of ___ words. How many?

  150
• At 24 months, children produce how many words?

  300
• The term ___ allows children to determine the object of a word and then remember this for future encounters with the word?

  Fast mapping
• A child uses the word doggie to refer to all four-legged animals.

  This sentence above and the picture below both represents what?

  A) Overextension

  
• A child uses the word doggie to refer only to basset hounds like the family pet.

  The sentence above and the picture below both represents?

  A) Underextension

  
• Between the months of 18–24 months, infants develop ___ which is the early combinations of two, three, or more words?

  Telegraphic speech
• What term is described as: Emphasizes the semantic relationships among words, the meanings being expressed, and the functions served by sentences?

  Functional grammar
• Overapplying the rules to cases in which the proper form is irregular?

  Overregularization
• Rules of syntax for transforming basic underlying thoughts into a variety of sentence forms?

  Transformational grammar
• Ther term __ is characterized as

  •Striving for mastery or competence

  •Appears to be inborn and universal

  •Displayed in the behavior of all typical infants

  •Flourishes in responsive environments with multiple opportunities?

  Mastery motivation
• Infant’s level of___ affects  later achievement behavior.

  mastery motivation

  
• Babies who attempt to master challenges at 6-12 months score ___ on mental development tests at age two. Higher or lower?

  Higher
• In the "Studies of babies watching educational videos" section, for each hour spent watching videos, babies understood six to eight ___ words. More or fewer?

  fewer
• In the "Studies on educational preschool programs", ___ creative, ___ anxious in testing situations, and ___ negative toward school than social oriented preschool. Which words (more or less) goes in the missing blanks?

  less, more, more
• The description: Children showed cognitive gains during and after, completed more years of education than those in the comparison group, and no differences between the two groups on criminal activity at age 30, best fits which project?

  Abecedarian Project
• •Stimulates cognitive growth

  •Provides programming for parents

  •Includes follow-up in elementary school

  •Full-day programs

  •Allow time for play and social interaction

  These are all positive effects of ___?

  early education

  
• •Statistical deviance

  •Maladaptiveness

  •Personal distress

  Three broad criteria to define the line between normal ____?

  abnormal behavior