Bio 2312 Lab Quiz 1

• The components of blood are formed elements and plasma
• Formed elements are erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes
• There are 5 types of leukocytes: granulocytes and agranulocytes
• The WBCs that are granulocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
• The WBCs that are agranulocytes are lymphocytes and monocytes
• The function of plasma is to take nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it
• The elements of plasma are plasma proteins, other solutes, and water
• The percentage of plasma in the blood is 55%
• The plasma proteins are albumins (60 percent), globulins (35 percent), and fibrinogen (4 percent)
• Plasma proteins are formed in the liver except globulins which are produced by plasma cells
• The formed elements are red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
• Formed elements make up 45% of blood
• Hematocrit is centrifuge blood, it separates components. It refers to packed cell volume, PCV amount or RBCs
• In centrifuge blood, erythrocytes are in the bottom because they are heavy. The buffy coat in the middle is leukocytes and platelets. In the top is plasma.
• Plasma is a mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones and gases.
• The function of red blood cells is to carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissues and pick up carbon dioxide from tissues and bring to the lungs
• The total count of red blood cells in mm3 of blood is 4.2 million to 6.2 million
• Red blood cells are small and are biconcave discs.
• RBCs are peculiar because they lack nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes (DNA) to make space for hemoglobin
• Each hemoglobin molecule consists of four protein chains known as globins (2 alpha, 2 beta) and four heme groups.
• In hemoglobin, 4 heme hold 4 iron and those 4 iron hold oxygen molecules
• The total count/number of WBCs in mm3 of blood is 5,000 to 10,800
• Percentage of granulocytes: Neutrophils (60% to 70%), Eosinophils (2% to 4%), and basophils (less than 1%)
• Percentage of agranular leukocytes: Monocytes (3% to 8%) and lymphocytes (25% to 33%)
• The function of neutrophils is to attack bacterial infection.
• Neutrophils have fine granules in cytoplasm and 3 to 5 lobed nucleus
• Neutrophils are the first to attack bacteria. They engulf and digest pathogens
• Eosinophils are active against parasites and parasitic worms. They are involved in allergic reactions
• Eosinophils have large rosy-orange granules and bilobed nucleus
• Eosinophils attack large parasites and excrete toxic compunds.
• Basophils secret histamine (related to inflammation) and heparin (an anticoagulant)
• Basophils have large, abundant, violet/dark blue granules and obscure a large s-shaped nucleus
• Basophils accumulate in damaged tissues and histamine it excretes is important in allergic reactions
• Monocytes are in peripheral blood and are macrophages in tissues. They are aggressive phagocytes that are capable of engulfing larger bacteria and cancer cells
• Monocytes are usually the largest WBC and have kidney or horseshoe-shaped nucleus
• Lymphocytes have 2 types B and T. B lymphocytes are involved in immunity against disease by secretion of antibodies. T lymphocytes are involved in direct attacks on bacteria or cancer cells.
• Lymphocytes have a small amount of cytoplasm with an ovoid/round dark violet nucleus. They migrate in and out of blood.
• The total count of plateletsin mm3 of blood is 150,000 to 450,000
• The function of platelets is that it is involved in coagulation; it releases important chemicals, that temporarily patch damaged vessel walls. They reduce size of a break in vessel wall.
• Hemopoiesis is the production of blood, especially its formed elements