ENDO

• Endogenic processes are formed or occurring beneath the surface of the Earth
• Magma is a mixture of molten rock, minerals, and gases
• Magma originates in the lower part of the Earth’s crust and in the upper portion of the mantle known as asthenosphere
• When magma emerges on the surface of the Earth, it is called lava
• Viscosity is the resistance to flow
• Magma with higher silica content has higher viscosity
• Magma leaves the confines of the asthenosphere and crust in two major ways: intrusion or extrusion
• Ways to generate magma:

  • Decompression Melting: involving the upward movement of the Earth’s mostly solid mantle
  • Transfer of Heat: hot, liquid rock intrudes into the Earth’s crust
  • Flux Melting: occurs when water or carbon dioxide is added to rocks, affecting the melting point
• Types of magma:

  • Felsic Magma: low in iron but high in potassium and sodium, forms granite rocks
  • Intermediate Magma: high silica and very viscous, commonly produces Andesite Rock
  • Mafic Magma: low silica content, high in iron and magnesium, low gas content and low viscosity
  • Ultramafic Magma: not formed on our planet due to it being too cool
• Rock Deformation:

  • Stress: force that could create deformation on rocks
  • Strain: ability of a rock material to handle stress
  • Joints: fractures in rocks that show little or no movement
  • Faults: long breaks or cracks in a rock
  • Kinds of faults: Dip-slip fault (Normal fault), Strike-slip fault, Reverse (or thrust) fault
• Kinds of folds:

  • Monoclines: simplest types of folds, horizontal layers bent upward
  • Synclines: original rock layers folded downward
  • Anticlines: original rock layers folded upward