Literature

• Proverbs are short but meaty sayings that prescribe accepted norms of behavior and contain traditional wisdom from the past
• Proverbs contain words of wisdom and are handed down from one generation to another
• Some proverbs, although expressed in various tongues, are considered truisms or statements that are obviously true because they make people human
• A proverb is a traditional saying or maxim that is commonly accepted as expressing a truth
• Proverbs are often passed down through generations and are considered a part of the folk wisdom of a culture
• A saying is a statement that is commonly used in conversation and is often more informal than a proverb
• Sayings can be created by anyone and are not always considered to be universally true
• Riddles are enigmatic questions that are frequently used in narratives as contests and puzzles
• Riddles describe something without actually naming what it is, leaving the reader to guess
• Riddles call for the audience to guess the thing being described and are types of literary output
• Some riddles from different ethnolinguistic groups provide similar clues about the same object to be guessed
• Riddles can be descriptive or problem-solving in nature
• Oral traditions include proverbs, riddles, tales, legends, myths, epic songs and poems, prayers, chants, and more
• Oral traditions pass on knowledge, cultural and social values, and collective memory of a people
• Oral traditions play a crucial role in keeping cultures alive and protecting languages
• Maintaining the everyday role of oral traditions in society is important for safeguarding them
• Using the original language is crucial for securing oral traditions according to E. Arsenio Manuel
• Oral literature is part of national literature and has existed for thousands of years
• Riddles are types of literary output that call for the audience to guess the thing being described
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• At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

  • Recall the essential elements of a story
  • Use critical reading strategies to interpret literary meanings in context
  • Appreciate the diversity of legendary accounts resulting from ethnographic differences
  • Analyze the cultural and historical significance of the myth in Bicolano culture
  • Compare and contrast the Bicol Origin Myth with creation myths from other cultures
• Legends highlight cause-effect relationships to explain how and why things came to be
• Legends account for the creation of something and the origin of its name
• Legends contain elements of narrative:

  • Setting (time and place)
  • Characters (protagonist and antagonist)
  • Plot (conflict and resolution of the conflict)
• Essential elements of a story include:

  • Characters
  • Setting
  • Plot
  • Conflict
• Four Types of Characters:

  • Static vs Dynamic
  • Flat vs Round
• Major Characters:

  • Protagonist
  • Antagonist
• Setting:

  • Refers to the time and place of the story
  • Introduced during the exposition along with the characters
  • May include the environment of the story
• Plot:

  • Refers to the sequence of events in the story
  • Consists of:

  1. Exposition

  2. Rising Action

  3. Climax

  4. Falling Action

  5. Resolution/Denouement
• Conflict:

  • The primary problem characters experience in a story
  • Divided into internal conflict and external conflict
  • External conflict types: man vs. man, man vs. nature, man vs. society, man vs. supernatural, man vs. technology
  • Internal conflict: man vs. self
• Exposition:

  • Provides background information needed to understand the story
  • Can be presented through flashbacks, character dialogue, letters, descriptions, or point of view
• Rising Action:

  • Moments leading up to the climax
  • Builds the story and engages the reader
• Climax:

  • Primary turning point in the story
  • Resolves the conflict
• Falling Action:

  • Follows the climax and resolves the main conflict
  • Ties up loose ends and addresses aftermath
• Resolution:

  • Concludes the story
  • Answers unanswered questions and shows the next step in characters' lives
• Main characters in the myth:

  • Daga, Bulan, Aldao, Bitoon, Languit, Tubigan, Maisog
  • Bulan became the moon, Aldao became the sun, Bitoon became the stars, Daga's body became the land on earth
• Events leading to the creation of the world and humanity:

  • Daga, after gaining control of the winds, induced his brothers to attack the kingdom of Languit
  • The brothers attacked the gates of the sky, were met with lightning bolts, and transformed into celestial bodies and land
  • Tubigan planted a seed that grew into a bamboo tree, from which the first parents of the human race emerged
• Cultural or religious beliefs reflected in the myth:

  • Reflects beliefs about the origins of celestial bodies (moon, sun, stars) and the earth
  • Reflects the consequences of defying gods and the punishment for disobedience
  • Explains the diversity of human races through mythical events