GENBIO 3Q

• Science - Systematic and organized approach to understanding the natural world
• Biology - Study of living organisms
• Biology - Study of living organisms
• "Bios" (Life)

  "Logia" (Study) or (Science)
• Hipprocrates - "Father of Medicine"
• Aristotle - "Father of Biology" & "Father of Zoology"
• Carl Linnaeus - developed a systematic method for classifying and naming organisms
• Charles Darwin - theory of evolution by natural selection
• Gregor Mendel - work on inheritance & discovery of the structure of DNA by Watson Crick
• Magnification - factor by which the image is enlarged
• Resolution - ability to distinguish between two points that are close together
• Formula for Magnification:

  Total Magnification=Magnification of Objective × Magnification of EyepieceTotal Magnification
• Optical Microscopes - Use visible light and lenses to magnify specimens
• Electron Microscopes - Use a beam of electrons instead of light for imaging
• Confocal Microscopes - Use laser light and a pinhole to eliminate out-of-focus light
• Confocal Microscopes Also:

  Provide three-dimensional images of specimens.
• Base - Provides stability and support to the entire microscope
• Arm - Connects the base to the head and serves as a handle for carrying the microscope
• Head (or Body) - Contains the optical components, including the eyepiece and objective lenses.

  It allows for the adjustment of the focus.
• Nosepiece (Turret) - Holds and rotates the objective lenses, allowing you to change magnification.
• Stage - The flat platform where the slide with the specimen is placed for observation.
• Stage Clips - Holds the microscope slide in place on the stage.
• Condenser - Focuses light onto the specimen for better visibility. It is located beneath the stage.
• Diaphragm - Controls the amount of light reaching the specimen
• Coarse Adjustment Knob - Used for rough focusing. It quickly moves the stage up and down.
• Fine Adjustment Knob - Used for precise focusing. It moves the stage very slightly to bring the specimen into sharp focus.
• Light Source (Lamp) - Illuminates the specimen from below
• Base Adjustments:

  SOME microscopes have adjustable feet on the base
• Cellular Organization - Living things are composed of one or more cells
• Cells can be unicellular

  (single-celled organisms)

  or multicellular

  (composed of multiple cells)
• Homeostasis - Living organisms have the ability to maintain a stable internal environment, despite changes in the external environment.
• Homeostasis Also:

  Involves processes that regulate temperature, pH, and other internal conditions.
• Response to Stimuli - Living organisms can respond to stimuli from their environment
• Metabolism - Living organisms exhibit metabolic processes, which involve the conversion of energy and matter to sustain life
• Metabolism includes:

  anabolism

  (building up of molecules)

  and

  catabolism

  (breaking down of molecules)
• Growth - Living organisms can undergo growth, which involves an increase in size or number of cells
• Reproduction - organisms can produce offspring through processes like sexual or asexual reproduction
• Heredity - Living organisms possess genetic material (DNA or RNA) that carries hereditary information
• Evolution - driven by natural selection and other mechanisms, leading to the adaptation of species to their environments
• Adaptation - organisms can adapt to their environments through evolutionary processes