PS 21 - Martial Law

• Martial law refers to the replacement of civil rule by military rule
• Characteristics of martial law include:

  • Curfews
  • Dispensation of military tribunal rulings on civilians
  • Suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus
• The writ of habeas corpus is a citizen's protection against unlawful imprisonment
• In the Philippine Constitution, the President may declare martial law in cases of lawless violence, invasion, and rebellion to protect the safety of the Filipino people
• The immense power of martial law is balanced by appropriate checks and balances to prevent abuse of civil rights
• The legislative and judicial branches of government play a central role in protecting against abuses of martial law
• In the 1987 Constitution, provisions for declaring martial law include:

  • The President calling out the armed forces in cases of lawless violence, invasion, and rebellion
  • Martial law and the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus not exceeding 60 days
  • The President submitting a report to Congress within 48 hours of the declaration
  • Congress voting jointly to decide whether to revoke the President's decision
  • The Supreme Court reviewing the factual basis of declaring martial law within 30 days of filing
• PLAN A: Make government parliament = prime minister

  PLAN B: Declare Martial Law
• Garrison State - nation controlled by militarist force
• Plaza Miranda - place of activists
• Two political parties

  Nacionalist - Marcos

  Liberals - Opposition
• CPP - Communist Party of the Philippines
• Con Con - Constitutional Convention

  • Main goal is to change the 1935 constitution
• Oplan Sagittarius

  • blueprint of martial law
• Defense Minister of Marcos - Juan Ponce Enrile
• 10 military officials and 2 civilians = Rolex Twelve
• Rolex Twelve

  1. Juan Ponce Enrile
  2. Fabian Ver
  3. Romeo Espino
  4. Fidel Ramos
  5. Rafael Zagala
  6. Ignacio Paz
  7. Jose Rancudo
  8. Tomas Diaz
  9. Hilario Ruiz
  10. Alfredo Montoya
  11. Romeo Gatan
  12. Eduardo Cojuangco
• September 22, 1972

  • Juan Ponce Enrile's car got ambushed
• September 21, 1972

  • official date of the martial law proclamation / proclamation 1081
• Marcos Sr.

  • born on morning of Monday 7:00 am, September 11, 1917
• Julio Nalundasan

  • died the night after election while taking a brush
• Marcos organized a guerrilla unit called = maharlika
• Imelda Romualdez = the Rose of Tacloban
• 1966

  • marcos was sworn in as the 6th President of the Philippines
• Dovie Beams = secret affair of marcos
• Lim Seng

  • accused as a drug dealer and sentenced to death; fired by firing squad
• Fabian Ver headed 3 agencies

  • presidential guard battalion
  • intelligence service of the armed forces of the philippines
  • national intelligence and security authority
• Primitivo Mijares

  • chief propagandist of the martial law regime; can go inside Marcos' office even without any appointment
  • He published the book, "The Conjugal Dictatorship"
  • has a son named, boyet
• Imelda Romualdez Marcos

  • during martial law, she was called "the iron butterfly"
• Second Martial Law Decree

  • declared the entire country a land-reform area
• Marcos enemy = Lopez clan
• Geny Lopez

  • was arrested because was accused of involvement in a marcos assisination plot
• To secure Geny Lopez, the Lopezes agreed to give Marcos some of their businesses, which are

  = Meralco and ABS-CBN
• Cronies

  • new class made by marcos made up of his relatives and friends
• 1972-1976

  • best years of marcos administration
• NDF = national democratic front

  • organized a leftist alliance advocating armed struggle
• Laban

  • opposition alliance headed by Ninoy