Chapter 1: Matter and Its Properties

• Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
• Atoms are the tiny building blocks of matter that is cannot be seen by the naked eye.
• Atoms are expressed in an angstrom (Å) which is 10^(-10) meter, or 0.1 nm.
• Quarks and leptons are subatomic particles that make up the protons, neutrons, and electrons.
• “The Earth is made up of matter and energy.”
• Atoms - single neutral particles; building blocks of matter.
• Monoatomic (noble gases) - made up of single atoms of the same element
• Molecules - 2 or more atoms bonded together, smallest unit of a chemical compound for a chemical reaction.
• Polyatomic - composed of 3 or more atoms that are chemically bonded together.
• Diatomic (mostly  - composed of 2 atoms of the same or different elements (ex. H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, CO, NO, HCl)
• Ions - atoms/molecules that have net electrical charge.
• Cations - lose one or more electrons, making it positively charged.
• Monatomic ion - charged atoms
• Polyatomic ion - charged molecules, covalently bonded
• Solid - arranged in regular, repeating patterns, held firmly in place, and can vibrate in a limited area.
• Liquid - flows easily around one another, takes the shape of a container.
• Gas - fly in all directions at great speeds, attractive forces between them are insignificant, still flowing
• Plasma - very high temperatures, atoms losing electrons, mixture of electrons and nuclei (ex. Lightning, stars, aurora borealis)
• Bose-Einstein Condensate - extremely cold atoms clump together and act as if they were a single atom.
• Fermionic Condensate - a superfluid phase formed by fermionic particles at low temperatures
• Enthalpy is the total heat content of a system, equal to the internal energy of a system.
• Solid to liquid - melting
• Liquid to solid - freezing
• Liquid to gas - vaporization
• Gas to liquid - condensation
• Solid to gas - sublimation
• Gas to solid - deposition
• Gas to plasma - recombination
• Plasma to gas - ionization
• Pure Substance - basic form, cannot be separated by physical means, a constant composition with distinct properties throughout.
• Element - composed of similar atoms, 118 in the Periodic Table, can either be metal, nonmetal, or metalloids.
• Metal - element characterized by luster, conductivity, and malleability
• Metalloid/semi-metals - element with properties intermediating between metal and nonmetal.
• Nonmetal - lack of metallic properties
• Compound - combining 2 or more elements in fixed proportions, held by ionic/covalent bond.
• Ionic compound - transfer of electrons in metals and non-metals.
• Covalent compound - sharing of electrons in two nonmetals
• Polar compound - unequal sharing of electrons, experiences dipole moment (goes to higher electronegativity) such as water, leading to partial charge separation
• Non-polar compound - equal sharing of electrons, lacking dipole moment
• Mixture - combination of two or more substances that are physically combined, separated through physical means.