PE

• Two groups in the skeletal system:

  • Axial: Bones grouped among the midline (ribs/sternum)
  • Appendicular: Other bones attached around the axial skeleton
• Functions of the skeletal system:

  • Movement
  • Storage
  • Cell production
  • Protection
• Functions of the muscular system:

  • Movement
  • Heat production (by metabolism)
  • Cardiac muscles (blood transportation)
  • Smooth muscles (digestion)
• Ligaments:

  • Connect bone to bone
• Tendons:

  • Connect muscle to bone
• Characteristics of skeletal muscles:

  • Contractility
  • Excitability
  • Extensibility
  • Elasticity
• Types of muscle fibres:

  • Type 1: Slow twitch, high resistance to fatigue
  • Type 2a: Fast twitch, less than 2 minutes high intensity activity
  • Type 2b: Very fast, low resistance to fatigue, very short bursts of maximal intensity
• All or none principle:

  • Each individual muscle fibre can only contract or not contract
• What do all muscles do:

  • All muscles pull, they do not push
• Origin and Insertion of Muscles:

  • Origin: Where the muscle attaches to (more stable) bone
  • Insertion: Point at which the muscle attaches to the bone that moves
• Agonist and Antagonist Muscles:

  • Agonist: Muscles that contract to cause a movement
  • Antagonist: Muscles that release to allow the movement caused by the agonist muscle
• Muscle Contractions:

  • When one muscle contracts, the other relaxes
• Specific Muscles:

  • Gastrocnemius: Origin - Femur, Insertion - Tarsal
  • Deltoid: Origin - Clavicle and scapula, Insertion - Humerus
  • Pectorals: Origin - Sternum, Clavicle and Ribs, Insertion - Humerus
  • Hamstring: Origin - Pelvis and Femur, Insertion - Tibia
  • Latissimus Dorsi: Origin - Vertebrae and Pelvis, Insertion - Humerus
  • Gluteus Maximus: Origin - Pelvis, Insertion - Femur
  • Triceps: Origin - Scapula and humerus, Insertion - Ulna
  • Tibialis Anterior: Origin - Tibia, Insertion - Metatarsal
  • Quadriceps: Origin - Pelvis/Femur, Insertion - Tibia
• • Biceps: Origin - Scapula, Insertion - Ulna and radius
  • Trapezius: Origin - Skull and Vertebrae, Insertion - Scapular and Clavicle
  • Abdominal: Origin - Pelvis, Insertion - Ribs
  • Adductor group: Origin - Pelvis, Insertion - Femur
  • Soleus: Origin - Tibia and Fibula, Insertion - Tarsals
• Action of bicep: Flex arm and flex forearm
• Action of tricep: Extend arm and extend forearm
• Action of deltoid: flex, abduct and extend arm
• Action of pectorals: Flex, adduct and rotate arm
• Action of trapezius: elevates and depresses scapula
• Action of lats: Extend, adduct and rotate arm
• Action of quads: Extend leg and flex thigh
• Action of abdominal: Rotate and flex trunk
• Action of hamstrings: Flex leg, extend thigh
• Action of adductor group: Adduct thigh
• Action of gluteus maximus: Extend thigh
• Action of tibialis anterior: Dorsi flex foot
• Action of soleus: Plantar flex foot
• Action of gastrocnemius: Flex leg, plantar flex foot
• Action of hip flexor: Flexion of the hip