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• What is genetics the study of?

  Heredity and trait transmission
• What are genes?

  Units of heredity containing DNA
• How have recent advancements impacted genetics?

  Improved understanding of trait inheritance
• Who is Gregor Mendel?

  A priest who studied pea plants
• What did Mendel use to conduct his experiments?

  Pea plants in a monastery garden
• What are true-breeding plants?

  Plants that produce identical offspring
• What is the P Generation in Mendel's experiments?

  The original pair of plants used
• What does F1 Generation represent?

  The first filial generation of offspring
• What are hybrids?

  Offspring from different trait parents
• What did Mendel conclude about inheritance?

  It is determined by genes passed down
• What are alleles?

  Different forms of a gene
• What is the Principle of Dominance?

  Some alleles are dominant over others
• What happens when F1 plants self-pollinate?

  They produce an F2 generation
• What is segregation in genetics?

  Separation of alleles during gamete formation
• What does the notation "T" represent?

  The dominant allele for tallness
• What is the probability of homozygous dominant plants in a monohybrid cross?

  1/4 of F2 plants
• What is a Punnett Square used for?

  To represent genetic cross outcomes
• What are the key components of DNA nucleotides?

  • 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
  • Phosphate group
  • Nitrogenous base
• What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?

  Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
• How do adenine and thymine pair in DNA?

  Adenine pairs with thymine
• What is the structure of DNA?

  Double-stranded helix
• What is the genotypic ratio from a Bb x Bb cross?

  1 BB : 2 Bb : 1 bb
• What is the phenotypic ratio from a monohybrid cross?

  3 dominant : 1 recessive
• What does independent assortment refer to?

  Alleles for different traits segregate independently
• What are the exceptions to Mendel's principles?

  • Incomplete dominance
  • Codominance
  • Multiple alleles
  • Polygenic traits
• What is incomplete dominance?

  One allele is not completely dominant
• What is codominance?

  Both alleles contribute to the phenotype
• What are polygenic traits?

  Traits controlled by two or more genes
• How do genetics and the environment interact?

  Both influence characteristics
• What did Thomas Hunt Morgan discover about linked genes?

  They are inherited together on chromosomes
• What are exons and introns?

  Exons code for proteins; introns do not
• What is the sugar in DNA?

  Deoxyribose
• What is the structure of RNA?

  Single-stranded
• What is the role of codons in mRNA?

  They form sequences for amino acids
• What is the main function of RNA?

  To carry genetic information
• What condition can occur during pregnancy due to high PKU levels?

  Mental retardation
• Why do poorer countries struggle with PKU testing?

  They often lack testing capability
• What happens to genes located on the same chromosome?

  They are inherited together
• Who demonstrated the concept of linked genes?

  Thomas Hunt Morgan
• What are the discoveries related to chromosomes and linked genes?

  • Each chromosome is a group of linked genes.
  • Chromosomes, not individual genes, assort independently.