SCI3

• Volcanism: The process where magma rises to the surface and becomes lava
• Volcano: A vent or built-up mountain where lava, pyroclastic materials, or gases erupt 
• Plate Tectonics Theory: States that tectonic processes are influenced by plate interactions at boundaries
• Divergent Boundaries: Boundaries between two oceanic plates 
• Decompression Melting or Anatexis: Melting due to decreased pressure, common at divergent boundaries
• Magma: Molten rock material produced by partial melting of the mantle and crust
• Mid-Ocean Ridges: Develop along parallel fractures at divergent boundaries, erupting basalt
• Basalt: Lava erupted at MOR volcanoes, forming pillow lava due to pressure
• Pillow Lava: Basaltic lava forming rounded shapes due to pressure
• Black Smokers: Hydrothermal vents where water is heated and erupted near volcanoes
• Continental Rifts: Boundaries within continents where diverse volcanism can occur
• Carbonatite: Rare volcanic rock type, like at Ol Doinyo Lengai, erupting carbonatite
• Convergent Boundaries: Boundaries where volcanism involves subduction and flux melting
• Flux Melting: Melting due to the addition of volatiles, occurring at subduction zones
• Subduction: Process causing flux melting between subducting and overlying plates
• Intraplate Volcanism: Volcanism due to mantle plumes creating hot spots beneath plates 
• Arcs: Curving volcanic chains following trench shapes, like island and continental volcanic arcs 
• Hot Spot: Region of abnormally high temperature triggering hot spot volcanism 
• Ocean Island Basalts: Basalts erupted at oceanic hot spots forming islands
• Continental Hot Spots: Typically explosive and produce large deposits and enormous calderas
• Yellowstone Caldera: Example of continental intraplate volcanism with explosive eruptions
• Flood Basalts: Huge sheets of lava flows
• Large Igneous Province (LIP): A plateau of lava flows
• Magma Chamber: Reservoir where magma accumulates beneath the surface
• Conduits: Channels through which magma rises to the surface
• Vent: Opening through which volcanic materials erupt onto the surface
• Central Vent: Main vent at the summit of a volcano (Vertical pipe)
• Flank Vent: Secondary vent on the sides of a volcano (Smaller conduits)
• Fissures: Elongated cracks in the Earth's surface from which lava erupts
• Dikes: Rock sheets that can form from magma
• Sills: Bed of rocks that form as a result of rock formation
• Crater: Circular depression where lava, ash, rock erupt out
• Flank: Sides of a volcano, which usually have fractures
• Base: Bottom or the foundation of a volcano
• Parasitic cone: Cone shape (A volcano on a volcano)
• Caldera: Large circular depression with steep walls
• Types of Cones:

  1.Lava/shield Volcano

  2.Cinder

  3. Composite
• Types of Explosion:

  • quiet
  • explosive
  • intermediate
• Types of Activity:

  • active
  • dormant
  • extinct
• Viscosity: Resistance of a fluid to flow, affecting the eruptive behavior of magma