Cell organelles

• Cell membrane, also known as plasma membrane

  1. Present in both plant and animal cells
  2. Made of lipids and proteins
  3. Flexible and thin
  4. Outermost layer of animal cell
  5. Living and semi permeable
• Cell wall

  1. Present in plant cell only
  2. Made of cellulose
  3. Rigid and thick
  4. Outermost layer of plant cells
  5. Non living and permeable
• Cell wall in organisms

  Plant - cellulose

  Fungi - chitin

  Bacteria - peptidoglycan
• Structure of Nucleus :-

  1. Nuclear membrane : double layer membrane protecting contents of nucleus.
  2. Nuclear pore : holes present in membrane which allows entry and exit of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm
  3. Nucleoplasm : jelly like substance present in nucleus which holds the contents of the nucleus
  4. Nucleolus : dark Spherical structure. Contains RNA and helps in ribosome production.
  5. Chromatin : Thread like structure which becomes visible as rod shaped structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes have DNA and DNA has genes.

  
• Function of nucleus

  1. Control centre : controls the other cell organelles
  2. Brain of the cell: stores genetic information.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum structure :- A membrane network extending from nucleus to cell membrane
• Endoplasmic reticulum function :-

  1. Transports materials from nucleus to cell membrane
  2. Provides framework to the cell
  3. Membrane biogenesis: the process by which membranes like cell membrane is synthesised using proteins from RER and lipids from SER
• RER has ribosomes and produces proteins. SER has no ribosomes and produces Lipids.

  
• Golgi body has stacks called cisternae and spherical objects called vesicles

  It modifies, packs, and Transports proteins produced by the RER.

  
• Lysosomes are commonly known as suicidal bags or garbage bags. They kill foreign particle, destroy damaged organelle, and damaged cells.

  These are formed through vesicles of golgi bodies that contain Digestive enzymes / hydroclytic enzymes.

  It's structure is Spherical.
• Lysosomal formation process:

  Nucleus -> RER (proteins) -> Golgi body (modifies) -> Lysosomes.
• Mitochondria - power house of the cell - Structure :

  • Oval / rod shaped.
  • Double layered membranes
  • Inner membrane has several folding called cristae for more surface area so that more ATP can be produced .
  • The outer membrane is for protection.
  • The space between the membranes is called intermembrane space.
  • Has DNA and ribosomes
  • Semi autonomous organelle ( the DNA helps it to work independently) The fluid inside the inner membrane is called matrix.

  
• The mitochondria breaks down glucose using oxygen to produce energy in form of ATP (Adenosine Tri Phophate) and Co2 as waste product.

  C6H12O2 + O2 -> ATP + CO2
• Chloroplast is a plastid that has green pigment called chlorophyll which helps in photosynthesis.
• Chromoplast is a plastid which have other colour pigments for flowers, fruits, etc.
• Leucoplast is a plastid which is responsible for storing proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. It is colourless
• This is a plastid

  
• Vacuole stores waste product that is less toxic due to less metabolic activity.

  The outer layer is called tonoplast.

  The cell sap has mainly water, waste and nutrients.