Anaphy

• Anatomy is defined as "anatome = up (ana) + cutting (tome)"
• Disciplines of anatomy include:

  • Macroscopic
  • Microscopic
  • Developmental
  • Neuroanatomy
• Gross Anatomy involves structures studied with the naked eye, including:

  • Systematic anatomy: organized by systems
  • Regional anatomy: study of all structures in a specific body area
• Microscopic anatomy (histology) studies tissues at a microscopic level
• Levels of Structural Organization:

  • Biochemical (atoms, molecules)
  • Cellular
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ system
  • Organism
• Medical Imaging Techniques include:

  • X-rays
  • CT Scan
  • PET
  • Ultrasound imaging
  • MRI
• Anatomical position:

  • Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward
  • Palms face anteriorly with thumbs pointed away from the body
• Body Planes and Sections:

  • A plane is an imaginary flat surface that passes through the body
  • A section is one of the 2 surfaces that results when the body is cut by a plane
• Body Cavities:

  • Dorsal body cavity: subdivided into cranial and vertebral cavities
  • Ventral body cavity: subdivided into thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
• Serous Cavities:

  • A slit-like space lined by a serous membrane
  • Includes pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
• Mucous Membranes:

  • Lines body cavities open to the outside, like the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
• Abdominal Regions and Quadrants:

  • Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions
  • Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants
• Stages of Mitosis:

  • Interphase: no cell division occurs
  • Prophase: first part of cell division
  • Metaphase: chromosomes align in the center of the cell
  • Anaphase: daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles
  • Telophase: daughter nuclei begin forming
• Four Types of Animal Tissues:

  • Epithelial Tissue (Covering):
  • Tightly-joined closely-packed cells
  • Covers the outside of the body and lines internal organs and cavities
• Epithelial Tissue:

  • Covers the outside of the body and lines internal organs and cavities
  • Acts as a barrier against mechanical injury, invasive microorganisms, and fluid loss
  • Provides a surface for absorption, excretion, and transport of molecules
  • Types based on cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) and number of cell layers (simple, stratified, pseudostratified)
• Connective Tissue:

  • Main function is to bind and support other tissues
  • Contains a large amount of extracellular matrix with fewer cells
  • Connective tissue cells secrete the extracellular matrix
  • Extracellular matrix consists of a network of fibers in liquid, jelly-like, or solid matrix
• Muscle Tissue:

  • Composed of long cells called muscle fibers
  • Contraction leads to movement
• Nervous Tissue:

  • Senses stimuli and transmits signals called nerve impulses
  • Consists of a cell body, dendrites (towards the cell body), and axons (towards another cell or an effector)
• Systems:

  • Skeletal System: Protects and supports body organs, provides a framework for muscle movement, and stores minerals
  • Muscular System: Allows body movements, maintains posture, and produces heat
  • Cardiovascular System: Pumps blood to all body tissues, transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials
  • Digestive System: Breaks down food into absorbable units for body cells, eliminates indigestible food as feces
  • Respiratory System: Takes in air, extracts oxygen for tissues, and removes carbon dioxide
  • Integumentary System: Forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues, synthesizes vitamin D, and houses sensory receptors
  • Urinary System: Filters out waste products from the blood, eliminates nitrogenous waste, and regulates water and electrolyte balance
  • Nervous System: Controls and coordinates body functions, responds to internal and external changes
  • Endocrine System: Produces hormones that regulate body functions like growth, metabolism, and reproduction
• • Reproductive System: Produces offspring, includes external sex organs and structures for fertilization and development
• Ohm's Law states that the voltage across the total circuit or any portion of the circuit is equal to the current times the resistance
• In a series circuit, all circuit elements are connected in a line along the same conductor
• In a parallel circuit, elements are connected at their ends rather than lying in a line along a conductor
• For a series circuit with resistive elements of 8, 12, and 15 Ω and a voltage of 110 V, the total resistance is 35 ohms
• In a series circuit, the current through each resistor is 13.75 A, 9.17 A, and 7.33 A respectively
• For a parallel circuit with resistive elements of 8, 12, and 15 Ω and a voltage of 110 V, the total resistance is 3.63 ohms
• In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each resistor is 109.8 V or 110 V
• For an x-ray imaging system drawing 80 A at 220 V, the power consumed is 17,600 W or 17.6 kW
• Magnetism is one of the fundamental forces, created when an electric charge is in motion, inducing a magnetic force field perpendicular to the motion
• Spinning electric charges induce a magnetic field, and an accumulation of many atomic magnets with their dipoles aligned creates a magnetic domain
• Natural magnets like lodestones are created when iron oxide remains in the earth's magnetic field for ages
• Artificially induced permanent magnets are manufactured from a steel alloy called alnico, while electromagnets are temporary magnets produced by moving electric current
• Non-magnetic materials like plastic, rubber, wood, and glass are unaffected by magnetic fields
• Diamagnetic materials like beryllium, bismuth, lead, water, and plastic are weakly repelled by magnetic poles and cannot be artificially magnetized
• Ferromagnetic materials like iron, cobalt, and nickel are strongly attracted by magnets, while paramagnetic materials like gadolinium and platinum are slightly attracted to magnets
• When a non-magnetized iron bar is brought within the lines of force of a strong magnet, the dipoles will temporarily align themselves with the lines of force passing through the iron bar
• If the bar is removed from the field, the dipoles will return to their original orientation, leaving the bar unmagnetized
• MRI systems use iron magnetic shields to reduce the level of the fringe magnetic field
• The SI unit of magnetic field strength is the Tesla, with one Tesla equaling 10,000 Gauss
• Electromagnetism deals with the relationship between electricity and magnetism