Chapter 2

• He stated that, "if a breeding population is left unchecked, the population will dramatically increase resulting to a fast decrease in food supply."

  Alfred Russel Wallace
• He believes that as the ancestral species gradually changed across time, species with different modification diverged.

  Charles Darwin
• proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, suggesting that the giraffe's neck grew longer during its lifetime as it stretched to reach leaves in high-up trees, and this longer neck was then passed on to its offspring.

  Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
• Proposed the theory of natural selection, suggesting that giraffes with longer necks were more likely to survive and reproduce because they could eat leaves from taller trees, leading to the prevalence of longer-necked giraffes in the population over time.

  Charles Darwin
• it refers to the differential reproductive success of preexisting classes of genetic variants in the gene pool

  Natural Selection
• refers to a genetic change in a population from one generation to another

  biological evolution
• it is a type of evolutionary change that exists within a certain species and/or a population

  microevolution
• what are the four mechniams of microevolution

  mutation

  genetic drift

  natural selection

  migration
• what cells in mutation may impact the next generation

  gametes
• the mutation has a negative effect on the characteristics of the offspring

  genetic disorder
• original source of all genetic variation

  mutation
• a mechanism of evolution in which allele frequencies of a population change over generations due to chance

  Genetic Drift
• true or false: genetic drift effects tend to be stronger in large populations

  false
• s the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes.

  Migration
• a process by which new species or variants arise from existing species.

  speciation
• patterns and processes beyond the population, is an evolutionary force at a macroscale which is a result of repeated, and continuous speciation that may have piled up and became evident.

  Macroevolution
• is a process wherein a lineage will exist for over millions of years with minimal or little change (

  Stasis
• the number of extinctions in a relatively short period of time has spiked so high that a different concept, and usually a different cause (or causes), is required to explain it

  mass extinctions
• Extinctions that are constantly occurring throughout the history of life are called background extinctions
• defined as the complete disappearance of a species from Earth

  extinction
• 4 mechanisms of macroevolution

  stasis

  extinction

  adaptive radiation

  coevolution
• are cycles of evolutionary modification in which an assemblage of organism mold many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles, or niches, in their communities.

  Adaptive radiations
• is a joint evolution between species that would eventually become interdependent.

  Coevolution
• —the transfer of genetic material from parents to offspring over time of a group of organisms.

  Phylogeny
• other word for phylogenetic tree

  dendrogram
• a tree like, branched diagram used to reflect evolutionary relationships among organisms or groups of organisms.

  Dendrogram
• which refers to the origin of a particular species or group of organisms.

  Ancestry
• OTU

  operational taxonomic unit
• are morphological or molecular features that are mostly genetically determined and are heritable.

  characters
• a named group of organisms

  taxon
• is the earlier or ancestral state of character thus, is the original or primitive condition.

  Plesiomorphy
• refers to the shared ancestral condition

  Symplesiomorphy
• refers to the later or descendant state after transformation of the original condition to its derived or changed condition.

  Apomorphy
• is the shared changed condition.

  Synapomorphy
• refers to the unique characteristics of a lineage.

  Autapomorphy
• PHYLOGENETIC TREE

  A) synamorphy

  B) symplesiomorphy

  C) plesiomorphy

  D) autapomorphy

  E) apomorphy

  
• is a term wherein features of two or more different organisms having common ancestry/origin are coined homologous structures

  Homology
• similarity in anatomical structures

  Morphological homology
• similarity in development or embryological stages, but may have differences when already reached maturity/adulthood.

  Ontogenetic homology
• similarity in DNA, RNA and protein.

  Molecular homology