science

• The urethra is the tube that passes through the passes to the outside of the body which carries urine and sperm
• The penis is a soft, tubular organ that hangs front of the body and is the external sexual organ of the male through which the sperm are delivered into the female's body. It contains erectile tissue in which the penis becomes larger and stiffer due to increase flow of blood during ejaculation
• The testes are made up of coiled tubules in which the sperm are produced. They produced the male sex hormones called testosterone for the production of sperm.
• The epididymis is a coiled J-shaped tube located on the back of each testicle. It stores the sperm for two to four days after they have been produced
• The vas deferens is the tube that receives sperm from the epididymis of each testicle.
• The scrotum is a pouch of skin that hangs from the penis which houses the testes and it protects the sperm by keeping the temperature of the testes slightly lower than the normal body temperature in order for the sperm to survive.
• The vas deferens is about 18 inches long and loop over the bladder.
• the valve in the urethra prevents the mixing of urine and sperm.
• The seminal vesicles at the base of the bladder secrete a thick fluid that nourishes the sperm.
• The ejaculatory ducts are the tubes that are lined with muscles. These muscles contract to force the semen out of the body during ejaculation.
• The sperm cell is a unique structure located in the testis. It fertilizes the egg.
• the sperms combined with the nutrient secretions from the prostate gland and seminal vesicles. This mixture is called semen.
• The ovaries are small and almond-shaped organs. Just like testes, the ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone.
• ovaries usually produce and release one ripened egg every 28 days called OVULATION.
• the fallopian tubes are two very fine tubes which extended from each ovary into the uterus. its main function is to contain the egg until

  fertilization takes place
• the cervix is a narrow structure within an inch-long canal connecting the lower end of the uterus to the upper portion of the vagina.
• the uterus or womb is a hallow, muscular, pear- shaped organ located between the two ovaries. It is where the fertilized egg will develop and grow into a baby
• The vagina or birth canal is the hallow tube leading from the cervix to the outside of the body. The wall is elastic which allows it to expand during childbirth and sexual

  intercourse.
• VULVA – the external genitalia which include the following parts.
• MONS VENERIS – The hairy skin-covered pad of fat over the pubic bone.
• LABIA MINORA – the small lips covered with modified skin.
• LABIA MAJORA – Large lips covered with pubic hair.
• CLITORIS – small almond shaped erectile tissue located below the junction of two minora
• VAGINAL ORIFICE – opening into the vagina.
• GLAND : TESTES, HORMONES : TESTOSTERONE

  Regulates the development of the male sex organs in the embryo and

  also controls the sex drive and secondary sex characteristics at

  puberty.
• GLAND : OVARIES

  HORMONE 1 : ESTROGEN, It controls sex drive and regulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics at puberty.

  HORMONE 2 : PROGESTERONE, Controls the development of endometrium (mucus membrane lining womb) during menstrual cycle and maintenance of uterus during pregnancy.

  HORMONE 3 : PROLACTIN, Stimulates the production of milk in the mammary glands.
• GLAND : PITUITARY

  HORMONE 1 : Luteinizing Hormone (LH), a.) In females, it stimulates ovulation, maturation of egg cell, and progesterone production;

  b.) whereas in males, it stimulates sperm and testosterone production.

  HORMONE 2 : Follicle- stimulating Hormone (FSH),

  a.) In females, it stimulates the maturation of egg cell in the ovary and estrogen production;

  b.) whereas in males, it stimulates sperm production.
• Follicular Phase (1-5 days) During menstruation, it breaks down the endometrium. Ovulation (6-13 days)

  In the ovary, the follicle matures and rebuilds the endometrium.

  Secondary oocyte is released from the ovary (14th day)

  Luteal Phase (15-28 days) Formation of the corpus luteum; endometrium thickens and develops.
• GAMETOGENESIS –This is the first stage of an animal development where formation of the gamete occur and develop inside the reproductive system under the control of parental genes.
• FERTILIZATION – The second stage where the sperm penetrates an egg the fusion of their nucleus takes place.
• CLEAVAGE – The 3rd stage when the fertilized egg undergoes series of mitotic cell divisions and later becomes the early embryo.
• GASTRULATION – it is the next stage to organize cell migration patterns in the embryo to form two or more primary germ layers.
• ORGANOGENESIS – a process of cell differentiation of all major organs once the germ layer have formed.
• GROWTH AND TISSUE SPECIALIZATION – It is the last stage when the organs acquire their unique structures and chemical properties.
• 1st week of development : cleavages have transformed into a solid group of cells called morula and later on will develop into blastocyst
• A Gland is the smallest living unit in the body that produces and releases hormones.
• GLAND : HYPOTHALAMUS

  HORMONES – Releasing factors, Oxytocin, Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

  ❖ LOCATION – At the base of the brain

  ❖ FUNCTION – Regulates body temperature, blood pressure, and use of water. The ADH increases water

  uptake in the kidney. The OXYTOCIN is released from

  the hypothalamus to control muscle contractions of

  uterus and milk production. The hypothalamus

  regulates activities of the body, metabolism, and

  reproduction.
• GLAND : PITUITARY

  ❖ HORMONES – Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH),

  Growth hormone prolactin.

  ❖ LOCATION – at the base of your brain, in line with the top of your nose.

  ❖ FUNCTION – Stimulates adrenal gland and thyroid gland to release specific hormones. It regulates growth of skeletal system. It stimulates milk production in mammary glands.
• GLAND : ADRENAL

  ❖ HORMONES – Adrenalin, Aldosterone

  ❖ LOCATION – on top of both kidneys

  ❖ FUNCTION – Controls the fight or flight response. Adrenalin Hormone is released to the blood stream when a person has a

  fright. Produces hormones that affect the functioning of the kidneys, metabolism, and response to stressful situations. Increase uptake of sodium and water in

  the kidney.
• GLAND : THYROID

  ❖ HORMONES – Thyroxin, Calcitonin

  ❖ LOCATION – lower part of the neck

  ❖ FUNCTION – regulates the rate of

  metabolism

  ❖ Secrete thyroxin which contains

  iodine and the calcitonin which

  control calcium level in

  bloodstream.

  ❖ It plays a role in controlling heart,

  muscle and digestive function,