non-communicable diseases

• What is health defined as?

  A state of complete well-being
• How is disease defined?

  An abnormal condition interrupting bodily functions
• What are communicable diseases?

  Diseases passed from person to person
• What are non-communicable diseases?

  Diseases that cannot be passed between people
• What is a risk factor?

  An aspect increasing disease development chance
• What are some common risk factors for diseases?

  • Smoking
  • Poor diet
  • Lack of exercise
  • Genes
  • Excessive alcohol consumption
  • Exposure to carcinogens
  • U.V. light
  • Stress
• How can you improve or maintain your health?

  • Eat a well-balanced diet
  • Exercise regularly
  • Drink alcohol in moderation
  • Reduce stress
  • Avoid smoking
  • Seek medical assistance
• What does correlation mean in health studies?

  A link or association between two factors
• What is a causal mechanism?

  It explains how two factors affect each other
• What is the purpose of sampling in health studies?

  • Discover patterns between risk factors and diseases
  • Suggest correlations between the two
  • Identify causal mechanisms
• What are good sampling techniques?

  • Use large samples covering all groups
  • Random selection of participants
  • Collect data at regular intervals
  • Account for population variations (sex, age, lifestyle)
• Why is exercise beneficial for health?

  • Improves lung volume and ventilation
  • Strengthens the heart and reduces blood pressure
  • Increases muscle size and reduces fat
  • Uses energy to lower obesity risk
  • Enhances well-being through endorphins
• What health issues can obesity lead to?

  High blood pressure and cardiovascular disease
• How can Type 2 diabetes be controlled?

  Through diet and exercise
• What are the effects of smoking on health?

  • Nicotine is addictive and hard to quit
  • Carbon monoxide reduces oxygen in blood
  • Tar accumulates in lungs, causing diseases
  • Increases risk of lung cancer and COPD
• What is nicotine?

  An addictive drug in tobacco smoke
• What does carbon monoxide do in the body?

  Reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
• What is tar in tobacco smoke?

  A sticky substance that accumulates in lungs
• What diseases can tar lead to?

  Lung cancer and chronic pulmonary disease
• What are the effects of long-term heavy alcohol use?

  • Damages the brain, leading to dysfunction
  • Can cause cirrhosis of the liver
  • Increases risk of liver cancer
  • Affects fetal development during pregnancy
• What is cirrhosis of the liver?

  A disease that destroys liver tissue
• What risks does alcohol pose during pregnancy?

  Increases chances of miscarriages and birth defects
• What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors?

  • Benign: contained growth, removable
  • Malignant: invades tissues, spreads through blood
  • Secondary tumors: formed from malignant cells traveling
• What are common risk factors for cancer?

  • Cigarette smoke
  • Alcohol
  • Infections (e.g., HPV)
  • Genetics
  • Ionizing radiation (UV)
  • Obesity
  • Age
  • Carcinogenic chemicals
• What are the treatments for cancer?

  • Chemotherapy: powerful drugs kill cancer cells
  • Radiotherapy: x-rays kill cancer cells
• What is the name of the disease affecting the coronary arteries?

  Coronary heart disease
• What does coronary heart disease involve?

  Narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries
• What causes the narrowing of coronary arteries in coronary heart disease?

  Build-up of fatty deposits or plaques
• What can the narrowing of coronary arteries lead to?

  Heart attack due to lack of oxygen
• What are possible causes of coronary heart disease (CHD)?

  • Poor diet with saturated fats
  • Stress and smoking
  • Excessive salt intake
  • Lack of exercise
  • Genetic factors
• How does a poor diet contribute to CHD?

  It increases cholesterol levels in blood
• How does stress and smoking affect blood pressure?

  They increase blood pressure levels
• What is the effect of excessive salt intake on blood pressure?

  It causes high blood pressure
• What role does lack of exercise play in CHD?

  It contributes to higher blood pressure
• How do genetic factors influence CHD?

  They can increase susceptibility to the disease
• What is Simvastatin used for?

  It reduces blood cholesterol levels
• How does Simvastatin affect fatty material deposition?

  It slows down the rate of fatty material deposition
• What are the advantages of Simvastatin?

  1. Lowers bad cholesterol levels
  2. Reduces chance of heart attack
  3. Increases good cholesterol levels
  4. Available in pill form for convenience
• What is a potential side effect of Simvastatin?

  Muscle or joint pain
• What is a disadvantage of Simvastatin regarding food interactions?

  It can't be taken with grapefruit